The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1
Abstract
SHOSHANA BLUM-KULKA, ELITE OLSHTAIN; Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1, Applied Linguistics, Volu
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Rajabia, S., Azizifara, A., & Gowhary, H. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.511 · Cited by 19
“Request is one of the most difficult speech acts for learners and it requires high levels of appropriateness and appreciable cultural and linguistic proficiency on the part of the learners (Blum- Kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
BackgroundInfluentialPreliminary validation of the construct of trait social intelligence
Petrides, K. V., Mason, M., & Sevdalis, N. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029 · Cited by 24
Simin, S., Eslami, Z. R., Eslami-Rasekh, A., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2014.661 · Cited by 19
“Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) provide five verbs (regret, excuse, be sorry, forgive, pardon) beside (apologize) as performative verbs in English and hence IFID.”
BackgroundLength of residence and intensity of interaction
Bella, S. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.22.1.01bel · Cited by 19
Request Strategies in Professional E-mail Correspondence: Insights from the United States Workplace
Leopold, L. (2015) · TESL Canada Journal · doi:10.18806/tesl.v32i2.1205 · Cited by 21
“…favour [asked] of the other person” (Nelson, Carson, Al Batal, & El Bakary, 2002, p. 169), and the request head act was defined as “the nucleus of the speech act … that part of the sequence which might serve to realize the act independently of other elements” (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984, p. 200).”
BackgroundShafran, R. W. (2019) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2019.05.020 · Cited by 19
Ruytenbeek, N. (2019) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr-2017-0026 · Cited by 19
“I will propose a pragma-linguistic analysis of these data based on Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) and Blum-Kulka et al.’s (1989) Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) framework.”
BackgroundMethodTrosborg, A., & Shaw, P. (2017) · HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business · doi:10.7146/hjlcb.v11i21.25477 · Cited by 19
Expressions of Gratitude: A Case of EFL Learners
Pishghadam, R., & Zarei, S. (2011) · Review of European Studies · doi:10.5539/res.v3n2p140 · Cited by 20
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Jenkins, A., Anandarajan, M., & D’Ovidio, R. (2014) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2013.866686 · Cited by 24
“The Cross-Cultural Speech Acts Realization Project (see Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984) discussed five strategies that make up an apology speech act.”
BackgroundPOLITENESS AS A UNIVERSAL VARIABLE IN CROSS‐CULTURAL MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION
Morand, D. A. (1996) · The International Journal of Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/eb028841 · Cited by 18
Speech acts and language teaching
Flowerdew, J. (1988) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444800004936 · Cited by 19
“But one possibility would be that the notion of directness vs. indirectness might be extended further and realisation patterns (as classified, for example, by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) above) could be graded according to their position on this scale.”
BackgroundResultSpeech ACT Theory and Communication: A Univen Study
Kaburise, P. K. (2011) · Cited by 19
A study of pragmatic strategies of English of Thai university students : apology speech acts
Thijittang, S. (2010) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23210264 · Cited by 19
Ruytenbeek, N. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108673112 · Cited by 20
Danziger, R. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009184410 · Cited by 17
Azizollah, M., Roohani, A., & Esmaeili, M. (2012) · doi:10.22099/jtls.2012.622 · Cited by 18
Pragmatic Activities for the Speaking Classroom.
Siegel, J. P. (2016) · English Teaching Forum · Cited by 18
Nicholas, A. (2020) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip-2020-5002 · Cited by 18
Non-native EFL teachers’ email productionand perceptions of e-(im)politeness
Economidou‐Kogetsidis, M., Woodfield, H., & Savvidou, C. (2020) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr-2020-0046 · Cited by 18
Al-Rawafi, A. A. A., Sudana, D., Lukmana, I., et al. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.17509/ijal.v10i3.31740 · Cited by 18
“Instrumentation Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1983) and Schauer (2009) developed a situational framework for exploring the realization of speech acts of apologies.”
BackgroundMethodObserving aggression of teachers in school teams
Sasson, D. B., & Somech, A. (2015) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2015.1005865 · Cited by 18
“As compared with, for instance, the American one, the Israeli communicative style is likely to be considered as rude (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
ResultPlayfully negotiated activity in girls’ talk
Ardington, A. M. (2005) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2005.06.005 · Cited by 18
Discourse Completion Task: Its Validity and Reliability in Research Projects on Speech Acts
Cyluk, A. (2013) · Anglica An International Journal of English Studies · Cited by 18
Nguyen, T. T. M., Do, H.-D., Phạm, T. T., et al. (2017) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2015-0059 · Cited by 18
Alerters in Malay and English Speech Act of Request: A Contrastive Pragmatics Analysis
Maros, M., & Halim, N. S. (2018) · 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies · doi:10.17576/3l-2018-2401-06 · Cited by 18
“The term refers to the language used in initiating a conversation or the way of choosing the form of calls following the rules and the norms which are based on several social variables including age, social status, social distance and context of the utterance (Savic 2014, Blum-Kulka et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialConnor, U. (2004) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2004.07.001 · Cited by 18
Bloch, L. (1998) · Research on Language and Social Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi3102_2 · Cited by 18
Semantic and pragmatic parameters of meaning
Marmaridou, A. S. S. (1987) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(87)90110-x · Cited by 18
AI apology: a critical review of apology in AI systems
Harland, H., Dazeley, R., Senaratne, H., Vamplew, P., Cruz, F., & Nakisa, B. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11305-8 · Cited by 19
Duskaeva, L. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81747-3_1 · Cited by 17
Apologies in South Asian Varieties of English: A Corpus-Based Study on Indian and Sri Lankan English
Degenhardt, J., & Bernaisch, T. (2022) · Corpus Pragmatics · doi:10.1007/s41701-022-00117-8 · Cited by 17
“Individual speaker decisions on how to realise apologies based on the taxonomy above are influenced by “cultural, personal and contextual elements” (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984, p. 209).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe effect of using mitigation devices on request compliance in Persian and American English
Abdolrezapour, P., & Eslami-Rasekh, A. (2012) · Discourse Studies · doi:10.1177/1461445611433789 · Cited by 17
“Email: parisarezapour@yahoo.com request realization (Blum-Kulka and House, 1989; Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984; Eslami-Rasekh, 1993; Eslami-Rasekh and Abdolrezapour, 2008).”
Collective apology, hope, and forgiveness
Wenzel, M., Anvari, F., de Vel-Palumbo, M., & Bury, S. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.05.003 · Cited by 13
Interlanguage Pragmatic Development: Internal and External Modification in L2 Arabic Requests
Masaeed, K. A. (2017) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12293 · Cited by 17
Apology as a multifunctional speech act in Czech students' e-mails to their lecturer
Chejnová, P. (2021) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2021.07.006 · Cited by 17
Australian and Chinese Perceptions of (im)politeness in an intercultural apology
Chang, W.-L. M. (2008) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 17
Compliment Response Strategies in Mandarin Chinese: Politeness Phenomenon Revisited
Chen, S.-H. E. (2003) · Concentric Studies in Linguistics · Cited by 17
Politeness in Professional Contexts
Chałupnik, M., & Atkins, S. (2020) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.311 · Cited by 17
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Muschalik, J. (2018) · Cited by 17
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Halenko, N. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316443118.008 · Cited by 16
Lord, hear our prayer: Prayer, Social Support, and Well‐Being in a C atholic Convent
Corwin, A. I. (2014) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12047 · Cited by 16
“As face-threatening acts (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984; Brown and Levinson 1987), petitions impose upon an interlocutor—in this case, the divine—who is cast as holding a position of power.”
BackgroundDomakani, M. R., Hashemian, M., & Mansoori, S. (2013) · Journal of research in applied linguistic studies/Journal of research in applied linguistics · Cited by 15
A Study of the Apology Strategies Used by Iraqi EFL University Students
Ugla, R. L., & Abidin, M. J. Z. (2016) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v5i1.4519 · Cited by 16
“According to Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) apologies are post-event acts which refer to an event, has already taken place or that will take place [14].”
BackgroundSarfo-Kantankah, K. S. (2021) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2021.04.004 · Cited by 18
Saleem, A., Saleem, T., & Aziz, A. (2022) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-022-00134-9 · Cited by 16
Investigating condolence responses in English and Persian
Pishghadam, R., & Moghaddam, M. M. (2012) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2012.102 · Cited by 17
“The body of research on speech act (e.g. Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz, 1990; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Ishihara & Cohen, 2010) shows that there is lack of research done on condolence and condolence responses.”
BackgroundTV commercials for prescription drugs: A discourse analytic perspective
Glinert, L. (2005) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2005.03.003 · Cited by 16
Pragmatic Awareness of EFL Teacher Trainees and Their Reflections on Pragmatic Practices
EKİN, M. T. Y., & Damar, E. A. (2014) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 16
Strategies of apologizing in Lombok Indonesia
Wouk, F. (2006) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr.2006.014 · Cited by 16
Do Smart Speakers Respond to Their Errors Properly? A Study on Human-Computer Dialogue Strategy
Ge, X., Li, D., Guan, D., Xu, S., Sun, Y., & Zhou, M. (2019) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23541-3_32 · Cited by 15
Investigating the apology strategies of Saudi learners of English
El‐Dakhs, D. A. S. (2018) · Pragmatics and Society · doi:10.1075/ps.16048.eld · Cited by 15
On, S. B., & Meir, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1017715 · Cited by 15
“They are optional to the realization of the request and can come in the form of address terms or attention-getters (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984).”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, Y. K., Lin, S., Liu, Y., & Lu, X. (2023) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2023.100707 · Cited by 15
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Mirzaee, A., & Esmaeili, M. (2013) · Cited by 15
The Realization of Apology Strategies Among Persian Males
Shahrokhi, M., & Jan, J. M. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.183 · Cited by 15
Emergent communicative norms in a contact language: Indirect requests in heritage Russian
Dubinina, I., & Malamud, S. A. (2017) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling-2016-0039 · Cited by 15
“Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) and CCSARP based their analysis of head acts on the theoretical assumption that there seem to exist three major levels of Indirect requests in heritage Russian 87 directness in request strategies: the most direct and explicit level (including imperatives and…”
BackgroundAl‐Khatib, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Intercultural Communication Research · doi:10.1080/17475759.2021.1913213 · Cited by 15
“To identify the three major levels of directness, Kulka and Olshtain’s (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984) model was used as-is here: a.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Pragmatic Analysis of Thanking Strategies Among Kurdish Speakers of Ilam Based on Gender and Age
Yusefi, K., Gowhary, H., Azizifar, A., & Esmaeili, Z. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.507 · Cited by 15
“I can now apologize to you twice from the bottom of my heart”: Apologies in Greek reality TV
Koutsantoni, D. (2007) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr.2007.005 · Cited by 15
Indirectness in English Requests among Malay University Students
Khalib, F. M., & Tayeh, A. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.223 · Cited by 15
Devlin, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.08.007 · Cited by 15
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Holmes, J., Vine, B., & Marra, M. (2020) · Contrastive Pragmatics · doi:10.1163/26660393-12340002 · Cited by 15
Constructing Social Identity: A Language Socialization Perspective
Ochs, E. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470758434.ch6 · Cited by 16
Aksoyalp, Y., & Toprak-Yıldız, T. E. (2014) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.4n.2p.125 · Cited by 15
“So far, to uncover the nature and linguistic realizations of speech acts across different languages and contexts, numerous studies have been conducted and these studies have focused on specific speech acts, such as apologies (Cohen and Olshtain, 1981; Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984), suggestions (Banerjee and Carrell,”
BackgroundPragmatics among Linguistic Disciplines: Problems of Definition and Classification
Георгиевна, К. Е. (2019) · Russian Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-1-98-115 · Cited by 14
The Effect of Flipped Classroom Instruction on Developing Emirati EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Competence
Hazaymeh, W. A., & Altakhaineh, A. R. M. (2019) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.18.10.6 · Cited by 15
Pragmatic transfer and development
Li, W. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.287 · Cited by 22
Justice through apologies remorse, reform, and punishment
Smith, N. (2014) · Cited by 14
Politeness Orientation in Social Hierarchies in Urdu
Kousar, S. (2015) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 14
Petraki, E., & Bayes, S. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.23.3.06pet · Cited by 14
Gender Differences in the Use of Apology Speech Act in Persian
Chamani, F. (2014) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v6i6.6231 · Cited by 14
Humeid, A. M. A. A. (2013) · Research on humanities and social sciences · Cited by 14
Internal e-mail communication in the workplace: Is there an “East-West divide”?
Ly, A. (2016) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip-2016-0002 · Cited by 14
Rapport management under examination in the context of medical consultations in Spain and Britain
López, M. D. L. O. H. (2008) · Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses · doi:10.14198/raei.2008.21.04 · Cited by 14
Native speakers' assessment of (im)politeness of non-native speakers' requests
Mohammadi, M., & Sa’d, S. H. T. (2013) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2013.591 · Cited by 14
“These findings are in line with Byon (2004), Alfattah (2009), Al-Marrani and Sazalie (2010), Ahangari and Shoghli (2011), Jalilifar (2009) and Jalilifar et al.”
ResultAlAfnan, M. A., & Cruz-Rudio, L. D. (2023) · World Journal of English Language · doi:10.5430/wjel.v13n1p353 · Cited by 13
Qin, W., Jia, R., & Ren, W. (2024) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/07410883241263543 · Cited by 13
“In the 1980s, Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) first theorized the three sources of variabilities that influence the realization patterns of requests, namely, situational variability, cultural variability, and individual variability.”
InfluentialA Contrastive Study of American and Chinese University Students' Complaining Strategies
Zhoumin, Y. (2011) · Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cjal.2011.008 · Cited by 13
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Giardini, F., Fitneva, S. A., & Tamm, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200883 · Cited by 13
How to Say “I’m Sorry:” Ideal Apology Elements for Common Interpersonal Transgressions
Bippus, A. M., & Young, S. L. (2019) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2019.1610787 · Cited by 13
“Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) identified five elements of an apology speech act set and illocutionary force indicating device (IFID), such as a formulaic expression of regret (e.g., “I’m sorry,” “Please excuse me”); an explanation or account for why it occurred; acknowledgment of responsibility…”
BackgroundTeachers’ Politeness Markers in Request in Classroom Interactions
Darong, H. C., Kadarisman, A. E., & Basthomi, Y. (2020) · NOBEL Journal of Literature and Language Teaching · doi:10.15642/nobel.2020.11.2.217-233 · Cited by 13
Kargar, A. A., Sadighi, F., & Ahmadi, A. R. (2012) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2012.621 · Cited by 13
“The first item, Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID), refers to “formulaic, routinized expressions in which the speaker’s apology is made explicit by using a performative verb such as (be) sorry, apologize, excuse, etc. (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984 cited in Afghari, 2007, p. 179).”
BackgroundAgreement and Disagreement: A Cross-Cultural Comparison 1
Sherwood‐Johnson, F. (2006) · Cited by 13
Zand-Moghadam, A., & Adeh, A. (2020) · Journal of Intercultural Communication Research · doi:10.1080/17475759.2019.1705876 · Cited by 14
“These speech acts have received a great deal of attention in cross-cultural pragmatics too (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Otcu & Zeyrek, 2008; Rose & Ng, 2001).”
BackgroundHeidari, A., Tabrizi, H. H., & Chalak, A. (2020) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2020.1778977 · Cited by 13
“The inability is partly the result of transferability of first language rules into L2 situations (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
BackgroundMurata, K. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.8.4.02mur · Cited by 13
Sweeney, E., & Hua, Z. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119166283.ch14 · Cited by 13
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Directive Speech Acts in English and Spanish Filmspeak
de Pablos-Ortega, C. (2020) · Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/soprag-2020-0001 · Cited by 12
Apologizing to China: Elastic apologies and the meta-discourse of American diplomats
Glinert, L. (2010) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/iprg.2010.003 · Cited by 12
A Cross-Cultural Study of Perception of Politeness by Iranian and American in Request Forms
Abdolrezap, P., & Eslami-Ras, A. (2010) · Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjssci.2010.164.169 · Cited by 12
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and British English Request Strategies Based on Open Role-play
Han, X. (2013) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.4.5.1098-1105 · Cited by 12
Indirectness and entitlement in product requests in British service encounters
Gagne, C. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.05.015 · Cited by 12
Yassin, A. A., & Razak, N. A. (2018) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v14n12p29 · Cited by 12
Apology strategies and gender: A Pragmatic study of apology speech acts in Urdu language
Majeed, A., & Janjua, F. (2014) · Cited by 12
The Speech Act of Apology for Saudi EFL Students
Almegren, R. M. (2018) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.4p.144 · Cited by 12
“There are issues in speech acts (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Cohen, et al., 1986) which are an integral part of the culture and these cultural aspects ultimately result in misleading differences in the way student convey their thoughts and apologies in English.”
BackgroundApology Strategies Employed by Saudi EFL Teachers
Alsulayyi, M. N. (2016) · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.70 · Cited by 12
“With regard to data collection instruments, Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) have emphasized the need for what they term “an empirical design” in order to explain the cross-cultural differences (natives and non-natives), learner differences (males or females), and differences that exist in situations…”
MethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- BLUM-KULKA, S., & OLSHTAIN, E.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- ORCID
- OLSHTAIN, E.
- Venue
- Applied Linguistics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1984-03-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 196-213
- ISSN
- 0142-6001 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-450X
- OpenAlex
- W2009497647
- Semantic Scholar
- e7cd5f7d359d1521ffe4a811773667f6b8042536
- Cited by
- 1,242
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 42.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Linguistics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Keywords
- requests, apology, speech act realization, cross-cultural pragmatics, politeness, speech acts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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