Cited by 1,242Linguistics and Language AnalysisLanguage, Discourse, Communication StrategiesDiscourse Analysis in Language Studies

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Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1

BLUM-KULKA, S., OLSHTAIN, E.·1984·Applied Linguistics

DOI 10.1093/applin/5.3.196

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SHOSHANA BLUM-KULKA, ELITE OLSHTAIN; Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1, Applied Linguistics, Volu

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Bankers communicating wrongdoing and failure: Apologies or apologetics?
Breeze, R. (2021) · Lodz Papers in Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/lpp-2021-0003 · Cited by 6
Meaningless gestures or pathway to healing and reconciliation? Comparing the perspectives on political apologies in victim and non‐victim communities in El Salvador, the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom
Sagherian-Dickey, T. M., Schaafsma, J., Zoodsma, M., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12556 · Cited by 6
Culture and identity in critical remarks
Zbenovich, C., Larina, T. V., & Ozyumenko, V. I. (2023) · Pragmatics and Society · doi:10.1075/ps.20064.zbe · Cited by 6
The relative effects of corrective feedback and language proficiency on the development of L2 pragmalinguistic competence: the case of request downgraders
Chen, Y., Hsu, H., & Tai, H. (2023) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2023-0036 · Cited by 6
Speech Act of Thanking: A Contrastive Analysis among Iranian EFL Learners in Terms of Gender and Level of Proficiency
Azima, M., & Hesabi, A. (2015) · International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences · doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.59.76 · Cited by 6
“From the fact that thanking is implemented by means of standardized routines, learners not only should know the semantic formulas needed in thanking situations, but also have to interpret the appropriate time to apply these formulas (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
Background
A cross-sectional study of request perspective use among Iranian EFL learners
Sa’d, S. H. T., & Mohammadi, M. (2014) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2014.656 · Cited by 6
Apology routine formulae in Hungarian
Suszczyńska, M. (2005) · Acta Linguistica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/aling.52.2005.1.4 · Cited by 6
Compliments and Refusals in Poland and England
Bhatti, J., & Žegarac, V. (2012) · Research in Language · doi:10.2478/v10015-011-0025-x · Cited by 6
“The distinction between direct and indirect refusals is important because refusals are face-threatening acts which need to be mitigated by various politeness strategies, and these strategies generally involve communicative indirectness (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984; Gass and Houck 1999).”
Background
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and British English Request Modifications
Han, X. (2012) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.4304/tpls.2.9.1905-1910 · Cited by 6
“According to the studies of Blum-Kulka & Olshtain (1984), both native English speakers and Chinese speakers tend to use more supportive moves in their requests when the imposition of the request is high.”
Method
A Cross-Linguistic Study of Persuasive Strategies used in Persian and English Languages
Pishghadam, R., & Rasouli, P. (2011) · Cited by 6
Conversational structures of Alto Perené (Arawak) of Peru
Mihas, E., & Pérez, G. S. (2017) · Studies in language companion series · doi:10.1075/slcs.181 · Cited by 6
THE EFFECT OF GRAMMATICAL ACCURACY AND GENDER ON INTERLANGUAGE REQUEST STRATEGY
Sanjaya, I. N. S., & Sitawati, A. A. R. (2017) · TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English · doi:10.15639/teflinjournal.v28i2/212-235 · Cited by 6
“…was first independently segmented to delimit the request head act, defined as that segment of the e-mail “that constitutes the nucleus of the speech act … i.e. that part of the sequence which might serve to realize the act independently of other elements” (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984, p. 201).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Historical State Apologies
Bagdonas, Ą. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95306-6_42 · Cited by 6
Linguistic strategies prompting interactions in recipes from Mandarin Chinese food blogs
Hsiao, C.-H. (2019) · Text and Talk · doi:10.1515/text-2019-2037 · Cited by 6
“Thus, refuting rarely stands alone as a single speech act (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984); instead, it collocates with other speech acts, such as writers elaborating their viewpoints.”
Background
Email requests in an ELF academic setting
Dombi, J. (2020) · Applied Pragmatics · doi:10.1075/ap.18017.dom · Cited by 6
Kazaklara Türkçe Öğretimi ve Söz Edimsel Bir Karşılaştırma
Durmuş, M., & Kılınç, A. K. (2019) · Bilig Journal of Social Sciences in Turkish World · doi:10.12995/bilig.9701 · Cited by 6
La réalisation de l’excuse en moyen français : une recherche en pragmatique historique
Denoyelle, C. (2021) · Travaux de linguistique · doi:10.3917/tl.081.0145 · Cited by 6
Conversation across cultures
Bowe, H., Martin, K., & Manns, H. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107445680.009 · Cited by 6
The speech act of requesting in Middle Hungarian missives written by noblemen and commoners
Krepsz, V. (2015) · Magyar Nyelv · doi:10.18349/magyarnyelv.2015.2.162 · Cited by 6
Delving into Speech Act of Requests of Iranian Turkish Informants
Tabar, M. S., & Malek, L. A. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.247 · Cited by 6
Telling somebody what to tell: “Proszę mi powiedzieć” in Polish doctor–patient interaction
Weidner, M. (2015) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2015.01.006 · Cited by 6
A sociolinguistic analysis of face-threat and face-management in potential complaint situations
Hartley, L. (1998) · Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University) · doi:10.25335/m5bk16s63 · Cited by 6
Disagreement and Degrees of Assertiveness in Service Encounters: Purchase vs Problem-Solving Interactions
López, H., & María de la, O. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 6
Social media and a case of mistaken identity: A newspaper’s response to journalistic error
Smith, P. K., & Sissons, H. A. (2016) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884916683551 · Cited by 6
“To further explore this distancing approach, as well as the organisation’s attempt to restore its reputation and engage in paradigm repair, we examined four additional linguistic strategies that can be used to perform an apology (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Class Ethos and Politeness
Kleiner, B. H. (1996) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x960152003 · Cited by 6
Politeness Strategies in Yemeni Arabic Requests
Hasan, M. S., & Alfattah, A. (2009) · Cited by 6
Modelling linguistic politeness (II): Brown and Levinson and their critics
Watts, R. J. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615184.005 · Cited by 6
How to Ask for a Favor: An Exploration of Speech Act Pragmatics in Heritage Russian
Dubinina, I. (2012) · Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College (Bryn Mawr College) · Cited by 6
Requesting Rewards: A Study of Distributive Justice
Winterhoff-Spurk, P., Herrmann, T., & Weindrich, D. (1986) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x8651002 · Cited by 6
Acculturation and acquisition of pragmatic routines in the study abroad context
Sánchez‐Hernández, A. (2017) · doi:10.6035/14018.2017.191995 · Cited by 6
Pragmatic Comprehension of English Refusals by Spanish-English Bilinguals
Pérez, C. J. (2017) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4102 · Cited by 6
The three “waves” of compliment and compliment response research
Maíz-Arévalo, C. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2025.11.008 · Cited by 5
Profiling learner development with a computerized dynamic assessment of a Japanese learner's L2 email writing
Nicholas, A., & Blake, J. (2024) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2024.100164 · Cited by 5
Communicative adaptation of Indonesian migrant workers: a communication ethnographic study using Dell Hymes SPEAKING framework
Anggara, R. (2024) · Asian Anthropology · doi:10.1080/1683478x.2024.2432691 · Cited by 5
“Communication patterns have also changed in terms of act sequences and keys (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984; Saville-Troike 2008).”
Social Responses to Conversational TV VUI
Park, E. K., Lee, K. M., & Shin, D. (2015) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.2015010102 · Cited by 5
The impact of face systems on the pragmalinguistic features of academic e-mail requests
Aslan, E. (2017) · Pragmatics and Society · doi:10.1075/ps.8.1.04asl · Cited by 5
“The aim of the CCSARP project (Blum-Kulka, House & Kasper 1989; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1984) was to investigate speech act variation across languages, social variables, and NS and NNS performance.”
Influential
A Contrastive Study of the Use of Apology Strategies by Saudi EFL Teachers and British Native Speakers of English: A Pragmatic Approach
Alsulayyi, M. N. (2017) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v7n1p45 · Cited by 5
Children’s Requestive Behavior in L2 Greek: Beyond the Core Request
Vassilaki, E., & Selimis, S. (2020) · Corpus Pragmatics · doi:10.1007/s41701-020-00080-2 · Cited by 5
Request Strategies in Kazakh and Japanese: A Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Analysis
Ninomiya, T., & Shadayeva, M. (2020) · Media Watch · doi:10.15655/mw/2020/v11i4/204633 · Cited by 5
Analysis of complaining strategies on services offered to Facebook users on Zain Jordan
HASSOUNEH, I., & Zibin, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.904138 · Cited by 8
Indirectness and effectiveness of requests in professional emails
Atifi, H., & Marcoccia, M. (2020) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.316.07ati · Cited by 5
Contrastive pragmatics
Verschueren, J. (2022) · Handbook of pragmatics online/Handbook of pragmatics · doi:10.1075/hop.m2.con18 · Cited by 5
Exploring the effects of audiovisual material and age in pragmatic learning
Barón, J., & Muñoz, C. (2023) · Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/resla.20063.bar · Cited by 5
Investigating illocutionary acts in video podcasts and its pedagogical implication in EFL teaching
Darong, H. C., & Neldis, N. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Education Research · doi:10.38140/ijer-2023.vol5.05 · Cited by 5
“Thus, Speech acts are concerned with the various language manners that are used to perform different communicative functions (Cohen & Olshtain, 1983; Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Christison, 2018; Siritman & Meilantina, 2020).”
Background
Attacks and remedies in online public opinion reversal events
Wu, Y., Ren, W., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Pragmatics and Society · doi:10.1075/ps.21095.wu · Cited by 5
The Neurolinguistics of the Second Language Pragmatic System
CITRON, F. M. M. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003190912-14 · Cited by 5
Pragmatic Failures in Intercultural Communication: Evidence from Jordan
Altakhaineh, A. R. M., Hasheish, M. A., & Hamaydeh, D. (2024) · PSYCHOLINGUISTICS · doi:10.31470/2309-1797-2024-36-2-38-62 · Cited by 5
“This is corroborated by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), who found that even advanced EFL learners may fail to appropriately calibrate their politeness strategies, resulting in communication breakdowns.”
Conversation analysis of e-mail requests by second language speakers
Iimuro, A. (2006) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 5
A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC STUDY OF THE USE OF REQUESTS IN ENGLISH BY TUNISIAN EFL LEARNERS
Amor, I. A. B. (2013) · Journal of Second Language Teaching & Research (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 4
“Could you help me with these bags, brother? My shoulders are falling.” Transfer in IL Requests Performed by Algerian EFL Learners
Dendenne, B. (2014) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 5
Acquisition of request modifiers in Vietnamese as a second language
Nguyen, T. T. M., & Ho, G. A. L. (2014) · NIE Digital Repository (National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University) · Cited by 5
A Comparative Study of Ostensible Invitations in English and Persian
Dastpak, M., & Mollaei, F. (2011) · Higher education of social science · doi:10.3968/j.hess.1927024020110101.069 · Cited by 5
Reacting to a context specific reprimand: A study of an Italian speech community
Frescura, M. (2006) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2006.02.010 · Cited by 5
Pedir perdón en latín. El acto de habla de la disculpa en las obras de Plauto y Terencio
Gómez, L. U. (2014) · Emerita · doi:10.3989/emerita.2014.04.1328 · Cited by 5
A Pragmatic Study of Requestive Speech Act by Iranian EFL Learners and Canadian Native Speakers in Hotels
Hashemian, M. (2014) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2014.2043 · Cited by 5
“Cedar (2006) explored Thai’s compliment responding speech act, and the compliment responses of 12 American NSs were compared with 12 Thai’s compliment responses.”
Result
On the Reliability of Discourse Completion Tests in Measuring Pragmatic Competence in Foreign Language Learners
Ивановска, Б., Кусевска, М., Daskalovska, N., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research · Cited by 5
The language of Akan herbal drug sellers and advertisers
Agyekum, K. (2017) · Language and Dialogue · doi:10.1075/ld.7.3.04agy · Cited by 5
Students’ self-perceptions of apologies to instructors
Cheng, D. (2017) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2017.1409231 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies have mostly targeted the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features of apologies made by certain speaker groups (e.g. Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Davies, Merrison, & Goddard, 2007; Holmes, 1990; Trosborg, 1987).”
Background
Production of apologies in English: Variation by L2 proficiency and apology situations
Tajeddin, Z., & Pirhoseinloo, M. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22132/tel.2012.54905 · Cited by 5
“There have been a variety of studies investigating the functions, formulas, and preconditions of apology (e.g., Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1984; Cohen & Olshtain, 1981, 1993; Cohen & Shively, 2007; EslamiRasekh & Mardani, 2010; Holmes, 1989; Linnell, Porter, Stone, & Wan-Lai, 1992; Maeshiba, Yoshinaga,…”
Background
Emojis como Estratégias de Reparo em Pedidos de Desculpas: um estudo sobre conversas em ambiente digital
Oliveira, A. L. A. M., Cunha, G. X., & Avelar, F. T. (2018) · Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/010318138653341440311 · Cited by 5
A Pragmatic Analysis of Requests in Irish English and Russian
McCarthy, M. M. (2018) · TEANGA the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics · doi:10.35903/teanga.v25i0.54 · Cited by 5
The pragmatics of Indian political apologies: Sorry, but not sorry
Shukla, S., & Shukla, R. (2020) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926520939688 · Cited by 5
“While most studies on apology analysis have been based on simulated data there have been few investigations of naturally occurring discourse (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984; Frantz and Bennigson, 2005; Harris et al., 2006; Meier, 1998).”
Background
Making requests in emails to professors: An examination of request modifications performed by Indonesian students in Japan
Balman, R. P., & Sangmok, L. E. E. (2020) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.803685 · Cited by 5
Interpretive Constructs in Contrast: The Case of Flattery in Hebrew and in Palestinian Arabic
Danziger, R., & Kampf, Z. (2020) · Contrastive Pragmatics · doi:10.1163/26660393-bja10020 · Cited by 5
Speech Act (Im)Politeness and Audiovisual Constraints in Translation for Dubbing
Napoli, V. (2020) · Journal of Audiovisual Translation · doi:10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.119 · Cited by 5
Data and methods used in the study of OKAY across languages
Deppermann, A., & Mondada, L. (2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.02mon · Cited by 5
The Effect of Explicit Instruction of Requests on Saudi EFL Learners Using a Pre-test, Post-test Approach
Qari, I. A. (2021) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol12no1.8 · Cited by 5
Saudi Politeness: Request and Apology in the Context of Study and Work at King Abdulaziz University:A Pragmatic Study
Farrag, N. M. (2022) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol13no1.19 · Cited by 5
“Earlier research papers provided the base to these strategies, especially the studies of Austin (1962), Searle (1969), Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987), and the experiments of Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984).”
Method
Request modifications by Malay speakers of English in the workplace: A contrastive pragmatic analysis
Idris, A. A. M., & Ismail, I. N. (2023) · Studies in English Language and Education · doi:10.24815/siele.v10i2.26464 · Cited by 5
Assessing the pragmatic competence of Arab learners of English: The case of apology
Fareh, S. I., Guba, M. N. A., Hamadi, I., et al. (2023) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2023.2230540 · Cited by 5
A Gender-based Study of Iranian EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Awareness: The Role of Receptive Skill-based Teaching
Zangoei, A., Nourmohammadi, E., & Derakhshan, A. (2014) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.6p.53 · Cited by 5
“As an important part of pragmatic competence, speech act of apology has aroused a great research interest in the field of interlanguage pragmatics; however, previous studies (e.g., Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984) were cross-cultural and production-based in orientation.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
“Can I Make a Party, Mum?” The Development of Requests from Childhood to Adolescence
Barón, J. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 5
INTERCULTURAL PRAGMATICS REVISITED: REFUSAL STRATEGIES AND POLITENESS
Eshreteh, M. K. M. (2015) · Cited by 5
Kontrastive Untersuchung von Sprachhandlungsmustern
Gladrow, W., & Георгиевна, К. Е. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Slawistik · doi:10.1515/slaw-2017-0021 · Cited by 5
Speech Act of Complaining: Socio-Pragmatic study of Complaint by Moroccan EFL Learners
Laabidi, A., & Bousfiha, A. (2020) · International Journal of Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.36892/ijlls.v2i2.294 · Cited by 5
Genres across cultures: types of acceptability variation
Shaw, P. M., Gillaerts, P., Jacobs, E. M., et al. (2004) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/j.0883-2919.2004.00365.x · Cited by 5
Cross-Cultural Variation of Politeness Orientation & Speech Act Perception
Al-Khawaldeh, N., & Žegarac, V. (2013) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.3p.231 · Cited by 5
“…not only know the semantic formulae essential for expressing gratitude, but they should also understand and learn the culture-specific rules and norms for thanking in the target language, including those about the appropriate times and ways to use such formulae (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984).”
Background
Historical politeness
Kádár, D. Z. (2013) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/hop.17.his3 · Cited by 5
IsiZulu traditional healers’ perspective of ukuhlonipha in context
Nene, J. O. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 5
Análisis contrastivo de la cortesía verbal en el español y malayo en la realización de tres actos de habla : petición, mandato y rechazo
Ismail, R. B. (2013) · doi:10.35376/10324/4281 · Cited by 5
The principal principles of pragmatic inference: co-operation
Turner, K. (1995) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s026144480000793x · Cited by 5
“Further work on the nature of the interface between pragmatics and language teaching and learning can be found in Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), Carrell (1984) and especially in Bouton and Kachru (eds.)”
Background
'Can you upload as soon as you can please?' A study of university student requests by e-mail in English Medium Instruction
Lazarescu, R. C. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 5
Pragmatics: Overview
González‐Lloret, M. (2012) · The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1338 · Cited by 5
“This apology doesn't seem sincere at all” (Meta)discourses around Will Smith's apology in English and Japanese YouTube comments
Diegoli, E. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2025.01.003 · Cited by 4
Apologies in Mandarin Chinese conversation: Lexical format and the reflexive construction of ‘apologizeables’
Yu, G., Raymond, C. W., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2025.04.001 · Cited by 4
A corpus-based analysis of corporate apologies and public responses on Chinese social media
Zhang, C., Ye, P., & Li, X. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2025.02.008 · Cited by 4
A comparative sociopragmatic analysis of the dialogues in Turkish and Azerbaijani B1-B2 EFL textbooks
BABABAYLI, I., & Kızıltan, N. (2020) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.803869 · Cited by 7
Effects of Task Repetition and EFL Proficiency on English Speech Act Production
Journal, A. W. E., Ahmadi, H., & Ghaemi, F. (2017) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2945900 · Cited by 4
Request realisation strategies in Italian: The influence of the variables of Distance and Weight of Imposition on strategy choice
Bartali, V. (2022) · Lodz Papers in Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/lpp-2022-0003 · Cited by 4
Analysis of Speech Act Between SA and AH Chinese L2 Speakers of English—With Regard to Request Refusal, and Apology Strategies
Xiao, F. (2023) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.17507/jltr.1403.01 · Cited by 4
How do Saudi EFL learners realize the speech act of request?
El‐Dakhs, D. A. S., Al-Haqbani, J. N., & Mardini, L. (2023) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2023.2285097 · Cited by 4
“The third relevant model was drawn by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) in their seminal project named the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP).”
Background
Heritage speaker pragmatics
Avramenko, M., & Meir, N. (2023) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.22041.avr · Cited by 4
Style markers in speech act realization: A corpus-based analysis of the cute style sajiao in Chinese
Su, J. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2025.06.002 · Cited by 4
Teaching Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication Online
Waugh, E. (2014) · TESL Canada Journal · doi:10.18806/tesl.v30i7.1154 · Cited by 4
“Although some may develop pragmatic competence without explicit instruction, it can take many years in a naturalistic setting for learning to occur (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
Background
A Corpus Based Study of the Relationship among the Iranian EFL Students’ Gender, Language Proficiency, and Cross-cultural Knowledge of Apologizing and Requesting
Bijari, J., Mehrdad, A. G., & Karimi, L. (2014) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.4304/tpls.4.9.1954-1960 · Cited by 4
“CCSARP is a coding manual, designed by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), in which they identified some patterns utilized in apologizing and requesting in English contexts.”
Method
Speech Acts Annotation of Everyday Conversations in the ORD Сorpus of Spoken Russian
Sherstinova, T. Y. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43958-7_76 · Cited by 4
“TONGUE-TIED”: Pragmemes and Practs of Silence in Literary Texts
Kurzon, D. (2016) · Perspectives in pragmatics, psychology & philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43491-9_15 · Cited by 4
Interrelationships of emotional intelligence with the awareness of request and apology strategies in an EFL setting
Ghenaati, Z., & Naeini, M. B. (2019) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.17509/ijal.v9i1.14486 · Cited by 4
“Such taxonomy has since been customized and prolonged by a number of researchers (e.g. Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984; Fraser, 1981; Olshtain & Cohen, 1983; Owen, 1983).”
Background
Refusal As a Social Speech Act among Thai EFL University Students
Boonsuk, Y., & Ambele, E. A. (2019) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3418116 · Cited by 4
Lexical and morpho-syntactic modification of student requests: An empirical contribution to the study of (im)politeness in French e-mail speech acts
Ruytenbeek, N. (2019) · Lexique · doi:10.54563/lexique.295 · Cited by 4
“The analysis of the structure and the linguistic content of the e-mails was conducted in line with Blum-Kulka and Olshtain’s (1984) Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) coding scheme (see also Blum-Kulka, House & Kasper, 1989), which was complemented by small additions”
Method

Authors: BLUM-KULKA, S., & OLSHTAIN, E.
Affiliations: Tel Aviv University (IL)
ORCID: OLSHTAIN, E.
Venue: Applied Linguistics
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1984-03-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 196-213
ISSN: 0142-6001 (ISSN-L)
1477-450X
DOI: 10.1093/applin/5.3.196
OpenAlex: W2009497647
Semantic Scholar: e7cd5f7d359d1521ffe4a811773667f6b8042536
Cited by: 1,242
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 42.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Applied Linguistics (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Keywords: requests, apology, speech act realization, cross-cultural pragmatics, politeness, speech acts

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Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1

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