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Robotic touch shifts perception of embodiment to a prosthesis in targeted reinnervation amputees
Open accessAbstract
Existing prosthetic limbs do not provide amputees with cutaneous feedback. Tactile feedback is essential to intuitive control of a prosthetic limb and it is now clear that the sense of body self-identification is also linked to cutaneous touch. Here we have created an artificial sense of touch for a prosthetic limb by coupling a pressure sensor on the hand through a robotic stimulator to surgically redirected cutaneous sensory nerves (targeted reinnervation) that once served the lost limb. We hypothesize that providing physiologically relevant cutaneous touch feedback may help an amputee incorporate an artificial limb into his or her self image. To investigate this we used a robotic touch interface coupled with a prosthetic limb and tested it with two targeted reinnervation amputees in a series of experiments fashioned after the Rubber Hand Illusion. Results from both subjective (self-reported) and objective (physiological) measures of embodiment (questionnaires, psychophysical temporal order judgements and residual limb temperature measurements) indicate that returning physiologically appropriate cutaneous feedback from a prosthetic limb drives a perceptual shift towards embodiment of the device for these amputees. Measurements provide evidence that the illusion created is vivid. We suggest that this may help amputees to more effectively incorporate an artificial limb into their self image, providing the possibility that a prosthesis becomes not only a tool, but also an integrated body part.
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“Sensory perception is important for control of the prosthetic limb, a sense of embodiment (3), and in the reduction of phantom limb pain (4, 5).”
From A neural interface provides long-term stable natural touch perception (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Embodiment may help amputees think of the prosthesis as a body part rather than just a tool (Marasco et al., 2011).”
From Biomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface (2015) · cites this paper as Marasco et al., 2011
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Miller, L. E., & Martel, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99193-3.00010-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Marasco, P. D., Kim, K., Colgate, J. E., Peshkin, M. A., & Kuiken, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-01-20
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 747-758
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC3044830
- OpenAlex
- W2121529660
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 11.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Chicago Community Trust
- National Institutes of Health
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (N66001-06-C-8005)
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-4-4798, R01-HD-4-3137, N01-HD-53402)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- amputees, artificial limbs, cutaneous feedback, robotic touch, embodiment, rubber hand illusion, sensory substitution, pressure sensors, temporal order judgment, self-image
- MeSH terms
- Amputation Stumps, Biofeedback, Psychology, Hand, Humans, Illusions, Judgment, Male, Perception, Phantom Limb, Surveys and Questionnaires, Robotics, Sensory Thresholds, Temperature, Touch, Prosthesis Implantation, Young Adult
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