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Basal-ganglia 'Projections' to the Prefrontal Cortex of the Primate
Abstract
We used retrograde transneuronal transport of the McIntyre-B strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 to examine the extent and organization of basal-ganglia-thalamocortical projections to five regions of prefrontal cortex in the cebus monkey (Cebus apella): medial and lateral area 9 (9m and 9l), dorsal and ventral area 46 (46d and 46v) and lateral area 12 (12l). All of these prefrontal areas were found to be targets of basal-ganglia output that originated in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and/or the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra (SNpr). Approximately one-third of the total volume of these nuclei was directed toward prefrontal cortex, a volume comparable to that directed at the cortical motor areas. The origins of the outputs to different prefrontal areas were topographically organized. Different portions of SNpr (the rostral and caudal thirds) projected to areas 9m and 12l. Similarly, different output nuclei (GPi and SNpr) projected to adjacent portions of the same cytoarchitectonic field (46d and 46v). Furthermore, the outputs to prefrontal areas were segregated from those to motor areas of cortex. Thus, basal-ganglia outputs to prefrontal cortex are both extensive and topographically organized, forming a rich anatomical substrate for basal-ganglia influences on the cognitive operations of the frontal lobe.
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“These patterns of size-independently co-evolving brain structures correspond to brain systems that have been described in electrophysiological and anatomical tract-tracing studies in non-human primates [27–31] and MRI studies in humans [32–35]”
From Brain reorganization, not relative brain size, primarily characterizes anthropoid brain evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [27]
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“…2006), skill learning (Charlesworth et al., 2012; Foerde & Shohamy, 2011), inhibition (McNab & Klingberg, 2008), motivation (Braunlich & Seger, 2013; Middleton & Strick, 2002), visuospatial attention (Karnath et al., 2002; Mesulam, 1990) and in timing mechanisms (Allman & Meck, 2012;…”
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“These neuronal C-BG-T-C circuits are closed because the output nuclei of the BG, via the thalamus, activate those areas of the frontal or parietal cortex which innervate the areas of the striatum connected with these BG output nuclei [55, 57].”
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“These results can be explained by the anatomical connection between the DLPFC and the dorsal caudate nucleus (Middleton and Strick 2002; Sesack and Bunney 1989; Christie et al. 1987; Alexander et al. 1986) as well as local effects of glutamate on nearby nigrostriatal nerve terminals (Cheramy et al.…”
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“Middleton & Strick (2002) injected retrograde transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus into ¯ve di®erent regions of prefrontal cortex in monkey.”
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Rac-Lubashevsky, R., Slagter, H. A., & Kessler, Y. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/098103 · Cited by 8
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“…the near entirety of frontal cortex, via thalamic mediodorsal (MD), ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), and ventral posterolateral pars oralis (VPLo) nuclei (Middleton and Strick 2002; Sidibé et al. 1997; Haber and Calzavara 2009; Sakai et al. 1996; Herkenham 1979).”
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“The dentate nucleus projects to the different regions of the prefrontal cortex via the thalamus (70).”
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“The architecture of the BG system and the organization of its projections to and from the cortex (Alexander et al., 1986; Middleton and Strick, 2000, 2002) make it ideally suited to function as a state-dependent gating system for specific functional networks in the cortex.”
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“One question is what are the manifestations of these changes at the level of the striatal microcircuitry (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990; Middleton and Strick, 2002), given that its neurons are the principal entrance to the BG (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990; Middleton and Strick, 2002), and DA is particularly concentrate…”
Saccade: A Potential Diagnostic Tool and Drug Efficacy Test Criterion for Mental Disorders
Li, H., Hu, X., & Ma, Y. (2010) · Zoological Research · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.00043 · Cited by 1
Schlund, M. W., Magee, S. K., & Hudgins, C. D. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.018 · Cited by 1
EMOTION AND THE DEFENSE CASCADE: MODULATION OF VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
Coombes, S. A. (2006) · Cited by 1
Biologically constrained action selection improves cognitive control in a model of the Stroop task
Stafford, T., & GURNEY, K. N. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511731525.020 · Cited by 1
Švegar, D., Antulov, R., Tkalčić, M., et al. (2016) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2016.23 · Cited by 1
“…basal ganglia are a part of frontalsubcortical circuit which is involved not only in motor control and emotion processing but also in cognitive and executive functions (Alexander, DeLong, & Strick, 1986; Lichter & Cummings, 2001; Middleton & Strick, 2002; Salmon, Heindel, & Hamilton, 2001).”
BackgroundHierarchically organised behaviour and its neural foundations: a reinforcement-learning perspective
Botvinick, M., Niv, Y., & Barto, A. G. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511731525.017 · Cited by 1
Prefrontal cortex temporally multiplexes slow and fast dynamics in value learning and memory
Hashemirad, S.-R., Abbaszadeh, M., & Ghazizadeh, A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66081-4
“Indeed, the vlPFC connectivity with basal ganglia structures forming cortical-striatal-thalamocortical loop 10,18,19 and other regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) 14,47,48 , anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 48,49 , lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) 48,50 , and the amygdala 51 , which…”
Introduction: Overview of the Basal Ganglia and Structure of the Volume
Soghomonian, J., & Jagaroo, V. (2016) · Innovations in cognitive neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42743-0_1 · Cited by 1
Classical Computational Approaches to Modeling the Basal Ganglia
Moustafa, A. A., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2018) · Cognitive science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8494-2_4 · Cited by 1
Functional Anatomy of the Motor and Non‐Motor Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia
Smith, Y. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1002/9781444397970.ch4 · Cited by 1
(2012) · Figshare
Lim, J., Souiki, A., Ahmad, P., Oomen, C. A., Veld, G. H. I. ’., Lansink, C. S., Pennartz, C. M. A., & Olcese, U. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581173 · Cited by 1
In-vivo parcellation of human subcortex by multi-modal MRIPreprint
Ali, T., Lv, J., Kassem, M. S., D’Souza, A., O’Callaghan, C., Dalton, M. A., & Calamante, F. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4203104/v1 · Cited by 1
Neural correlates of intentional actions
Krieghoff, V. (2009) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 1
Función práxica y ganglios basales: contribuciones de los núcleos grises al movimiento voluntario
Restrepo, J. E. (2010) · Revista chilena de neuropsicología
Machon, M. (2009) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Disorders of Cognitive Control
Casey, B. J., Franklin, N., & Cohen, M. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397267-5.00119-9
Metadata
- Authors
- Middleton, F. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Middleton, F. A.
- ORCID
- Middleton, F. A.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-09-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 926-935
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2142455573
- Semantic Scholar
- 694a295bee8ec9996ffe86fdc9c06d779f885fdf
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 11.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f31mh011262-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056661, MH11262, MH-56661)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, thalamocortical connections, globus pallidus internus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, topographic organization, Cebus apella, area 46, retrograde tracing, herpes simplex virus type 1
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axonal Transport, Basal Ganglia, Cebus, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex, Herpesvirus 1, Human
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