Cited by 1,712Motor Control and AdaptationNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

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Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation

Picard, Nathalie, Strick, Peter L.·1996·Cerebral Cortex

DOI 10.1093/cercor/6.3.342

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Abstract

Our goal in this review is to provide an anatomical framework for the analysis of the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere in humans and laboratory primates. Converging evidence indicates that this region of the frontal lobe contains multiple areas involved in motor control. In the monkey, the medial wall contains four premotor areas that project directly to both the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord. These are the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the superior frontal gyrus and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus. In addition, there is evidence that a fifth motor field, the pre-SMA, lies rostral to the SMA proper. Recent physiological observations provide evidence for functional differences among these motor fields. In the human, no consensus exists on the number of distinct motor fields on the medial wall. In this review, we summarize the results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies that examined functional activation on the medial wall of humans. Our analysis suggests that it is possible to identify at least four separate cortical areas on the medial wall. Each area appears to be relatively more involved in some aspects of motor behavior than others. These cortical areas in the human appear to be analogous to the pre-SMA, the SMA proper, and two of the cingulate motor areas of the monkey. We believe that these correspondences and the anatomical framework we describe will be important for unraveling the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere.

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Authors: Picard, N., & Strick, P. L.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Strick, Peter L.
ORCID: Strick, Peter L.
Venue: Cerebral Cortex
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1996
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 342-353
ISSN: 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
1460-2199
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/6.3.342
OpenAlex: W2107751769
Cited by: 1,712
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 29.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: medial frontal lobe, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, pre-supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, primary motor cortex, motor control, functional activation, cingulate sulcus, superior frontal gyrus
MeSH terms: Animals, Haplorhini, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Motor Cortex

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Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation

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