The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Medial Prefrontal Activity Predicts Memory for Self
Abstract
The ability to remember the past depends on cognitive operations that are recruited when information is initially encountered. In the current experiment, we investigated neural processes that subserve the memorability of a fundamental class of social information: self-knowledge. Participants evaluated the extent to which a series of personality characteristics were self-descriptive. Brain activation was measured using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and contrasted based on: (i) whether each word was later remembered or forgotten; and (ii) whether or not each item was judged to be self-relevant. Results revealed that activity in medial prefrontal cortex predicted both subsequent memory performance and judgements of self-relevance. These findings extend current understanding of the nature and functioning of human memory.
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“Critically, this vMPFC region also has been observed repeatedly during tasks that require participants to introspect about their own mental experiences (15-18)”
From Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others (2008) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with earlier studies (15-18), a single region was obtained from the random effects contrast of self > other trials located in vMPFC (Fig. 1).”
From Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others (2008) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Using two different sets of contrasts, we identified ROIs in vMPFC that, consistent with earlier studies of self-reference (15-18), responded preferentially during trials that required introspection about one's own mental characteristics.”
From Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others (2008) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Macrae et al. [2004] found remembered items induced activation in dmPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus when compared to forgotten items”
From Oxytocin blurs the self-other distinction during trait judgments and reduces medial prefrontal cortex responses: Oxytocin Blurs Self-Other Distinction (2016) · cites this paper as Macrae et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“while the self-descriptive versus nonselfdescriptive contrast revealed activation in the dmPFC during the retrieval of visually presented self-and nonselfrelated adjectives describing personality traits [Macrae et al., 2004].”
From Oxytocin blurs the self-other distinction during trait judgments and reduces medial prefrontal cortex responses: Oxytocin Blurs Self-Other Distinction (2016) · cites this paper as Macrae et al., 2004
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Self-representation and brain development.
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Investigations of hemispheric specialization of self-voice recognition
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Exploring the Neural Correlates of Delusions of Reference
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5-HTTLPR Polymorphism Modulates Neural Mechanisms of Negative Self-Reflection
Ma, Y., Li, B., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Sun, Y. F., Feng, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Rao, Y., & Han, S. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht099 · Cited by 64
“2006; Schmitz and Johnson 2007), and the mPFC is hypothesized to encode stimulus self-relevance (Kelley et al. 2002; Macrae et al. 2004; Han and Northoff 2009; Ma and Han 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-prioritization and perceptual matching: The effects of temporal construal
Golubickis, M., Falbén, J. K., Sahraie, A., Visokomogilski, A., Cunningham, W. A., Sui, J., & Macrae, C. N. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0722-3 · Cited by 64
Song, H., Chan, J. S., & Ryan, C. (2024) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221241285006 · Cited by 62
“…magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with the interpretation that the activation of TPJ involves understanding others and the preference of connecting self to others whereas the activation of mPFC is associated with self-relevant information (Chiao et al., 2009; S. Han & Ma, 2014; Macrae, 2004).”
Dissociating Biases towards the Self and Positive Emotion
Stolte, M., Humphreys, G. W., Yankouskaya, A., & Sui, J. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1101477 · Cited by 62
Maillet, D., & Rajah, M. N. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.761714 · Cited by 61
Three Ways in Which Midline Regions Contribute to Self-Evaluation
Flagan, T., & Beer, J. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00450 · Cited by 67
“What have we learned since those initial studies found that medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is modulated by encoding and remembering information in relation to the self (e.g., Kelley et al., 2002; Macrae et al., 2004; Ochsner et al., 2005)?”
Overclaiming and the medial prefrontal cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Amati, F., Oh, H., Kwan, V. S. Y., Jordan, K., & Keenan, J. P. (2010) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2010.493971 · Cited by 59
“( 2005 ) suggested that subregions of the MPFC are selectively activated for self-judgments, and Macrae, Moran, Heatherton, Banfield, & Kelley ( 2004 ) concluded that activity in the MPFC significantly predicted memory performance for self-relevant judgments.”
BackgroundPrzyrembel, M., Smallwood, J., Pauen, M., & Singer, T. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00190 · Cited by 68
Harvey, P., Fossati, P., & Lepage, M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.351 · Cited by 60
“Specific areas of the brain support the process of memory formation depending on the characteristics of the to-be-encoded material (Macrae et al., 2004; Brewer, Zhao, Desmond, Glover, & Gabrieli, 1998; Kelley et al., 1998; Wagner, Schacter, et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultWhat the Social Brain Sciences Can Tell Us About the Self
Heatherton, T. F., Macrae, C. N., & Kelley, W. M. (2004) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00305.x · Cited by 59
Neural representation of self-concept in sighted and congenitally blind adults
Ma, Y., & Han, S. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq299 · Cited by 58
“, 2007) and increases more to highly self-descriptive trait words than less self-descriptive trait words (Macrae et al., 2004; Moran et al., 2006), suggesting an important role of the medial prefrontal cortex in self-concept representation.”
BackgroundExploring the self-ownership effect: Separating stimulus and response biases.
Golubickis, M., Falbén, J. K., Cunningham, W. A., & Macrae, C. N. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000455 · Cited by 62
Brain activation patterns during memory of cognitive agency
Vinogradov, S., Luks, T. L., Simpson, G. V., Schulman, B. J., Glenn, S., & Wong, A. E. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.058 · Cited by 57
Genon, S., Bahri, M. A., Collette, F., Angel, L., D’Argembeau, A., Clarys, D., Kalenzaga, S., Salmon, É., & Bastin, C. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.009 · Cited by 60
“…two studies have found that the subsequent memory effect for items encoded in reference to the self was related to brain activation in the MPFC and the lateral frontal cortex (anterior prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus) at encoding (Macrae et al., 2004; Leshikar and Duarte, 2012).”
BackgroundAge-related changes in the neural mechanisms supporting emotion processing and emotional memory
Kensinger, E. A., & Leclerc, C. M. (2008) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440801937116 · Cited by 56
“…of cortical midline structures are those items that older adults are most likely to later remember (Kensinger & Schacter, in press), consistent with evidence that engagement of these self-referential processes boosts the efficacy of encoding operations (Kelley et al., 2002; Macrae et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTrait self-esteem and neural activities related to self-evaluation and social feedback
Yang, J., Xu, X., Chen, Y., Shi, Z., & Han, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20274 · Cited by 60
Salomon, R., Levy, D. R., & Malach, R. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22268 · Cited by 57
“…(compared to resting baseline) of the DM [Goldberg et al., 2006; Mitchell et al., 2005; Mitchell et al., 2006; Preminger et al., 2010], as well as numerous studies showing reduced negative responses in self-related conditions [D’Argembeau et al., 2005; Macrae et al., 2004b; Salomon et al., 2009].”
BackgroundResultOddo, S., Lux, S., Weiss, P. H., Schwab, A., Welzer, H., Markowitsch, H. J., & Fink, G. R. (2010) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.07.003 · Cited by 54
“The contribution of the MPFC in self-related processes is of considerable interest (Macrae et al., 2004), as self-conscious reflection is an important feature of AM retrieval.”
Neural mechanisms underlying subsequent memory for personal beliefs:An fMRI study
Wing, E. A., Iyengar, V., Hess, T. M., LaBar, K. S., Huettel, S. A., & Cabeza, R. E. L. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0563-y · Cited by 55
Schaefer, H. S., Larson, C. L., Davidson, R. J., & Coan, J. A. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.12.011 · Cited by 54
Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Maletić‐Savatić, M., Sheng, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, T., Wang, J., Tong, S., Wang, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.014 · Cited by 56
Cognitive and Neural Development of Individuated Self-Representation in Children
Ray, R., Shelton, A., Hollon, N., Michel, B. D., Frankel, C. B., Gross, J., & Gabrieli, J. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01327.x · Cited by 51
Monitoring the Mind: The Neurocognitive Correlates of Metamemory
Lam, A. T. A. D., Axmacher, N., Fell, J., Staresina, B. P., Gauggel, S., Wagner, T., Olligs, J., & Weis, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030009 · Cited by 53
“(ENC FH + ENC FM)], we found increased brain activation located exclusively in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG; [211, 63, 10]), LIFG [245, 26, 19], and the middle frontal gyrus [238, 38, 24].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMotivation to do Well Enhances Responses to Errors and Self-Monitoring
Bengtsson, S., Lau, H. C., & Passingham, R. E. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn127 · Cited by 53
Social Cognition as Reinforcement Learning: Feedback Modulates Emotion Inference
Zaki, J., Kallman, S., Wimmer, G. E., Ochsner, K. N., & Shohamy, D. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00978 · Cited by 54
Illusory own body perceptions: Case reports and relevance for bodily self-consciousness
Heydrich, L., Diéguez, S., Grünwald, T., Seeck, M., & Blanke, O. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.04.010 · Cited by 52
The Temporal Features of Self-referential Processing Evoked by Chinese Handwriting
Chen, A.-T., Weng, X., Yuan, J.-J., Lei, X., Qiu, J., Yao, D., & Li, H. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20505 · Cited by 58
“Despite the clarity of these competing viewpoints, it is difficult to evaluate them with purely behavioral measures (Heatherton, Macrae, & Kelley, 2004; Kelley et al., 2002).”
The feeling of choosing: Self-involvement and the cognitive status of things past
Cloutier, J., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.05.010 · Cited by 51
Dissociable roles of default-mode regions during episodic encoding
Maillet, D., & Rajah, M. N. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.050 · Cited by 50
“…or judging whether adjectives are descriptive of oneself have both been associated with activation in mPFC (e.g., Leshikar and Duarte, 2012; Macrae et al., 2004; Maillet and Rajah, 2011; Shrager et al., 2008; Zierhut et al., 2010) and at least one study using pleasantness judgments has…”
Corte, C., & Zucker, R. (2008) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.002 · Cited by 47
Neural activity associated with self-reflection
Herwig, U., Kaffenberger, T., Schell, C., Jäncke, L., & Brühl, A. B. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-52 · Cited by 50
“Self-referential memory [26-28], emotional domains [29,30] and cognitive aspects in the spatial domain such as navigational tasks or perspective-taking tasks [31,32] have also been examined.”
BackgroundKim, K., & Johnson, M. K. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu078 · Cited by 53
“…or Computer) as a factor performed on the mean response times (i.e. a button press to move objects into the ‘MINE’ basket after the onset of the cue signaling who assigned the object to the participant) revealed a marginally significant effect of condition, F(2, 46)¼ 2.76, P¼ 0.074, 2p¼ 0.11.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDo patients with schizophrenia benefit from a self-referential memory bias?
Harvey, P., Lee, J., Horan, W. P., Ochsner, K. N., & Green, M. F. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.011 · Cited by 53
“…cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus) has been associated with judgments about one's own states and traits (Gusnard et al., 2001; Macrae et al., 2004; Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Ochsner et al., 2005, 2004; van der Meer et al., 2010), as well as how we use social cognition to…”
Chon, D., & Sitkin, S. B. (2021) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0079 · Cited by 59
The influence of self-construals on the ERP response to the rewards for self and mother
Zhu, X., Zhang, H., Wu, L., Yang, S., Wu, H., Luo, W., Gu, R., & Luo, Y. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0575-7 · Cited by 50
Sui, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.025 · Cited by 50
Olbert, C. M., Penn, D. L., Kern, R. S., Lee, J., Horan, W. P., Reise, S. P., Ochsner, K. N., Marder, S. R., & Green, M. F. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt130 · Cited by 48
A Simple Way to Improve Anatomical Mapping of Functional Brain Imaging
Villain, N., Landeau, B., Groussard, M., Mevel, K., Fouquet, M., Dayan, J., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Chételat, G. (2010) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00470.x · Cited by 48
From facial cue to dinner for two: the neural substrates of personal choice
Turk, D. J., Banfield, J. F., Walling, B. R., Heatherton, T. F., Grafton, S. T., Handy, T. C., Gazzaniga, M. S., & Macrae, C. N. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.037 · Cited by 48
Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying value-based decision-making: from core values to economic value
Brosch, T., & Sander, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00398 · Cited by 71
“MPFC has frequently been linked to processes involving self-reflection (Macrae et al., 2004; Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Mitchell et al., 2005; Lieberman, 2010), both when explicitly reflecting about one’s self and when implicitly processing self-related information (Rameson et al., 2010), and has…”
Chiou, R. Y.-C., Humphreys, G. F., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa130 · Cited by 49
“Our results show that the dmPFC (also the vmPFC, albeit to a less extent) augments its activity when participants evaluate personality descriptions with reference to self, replicating previous findings (e.g., Kelley et al. 2002; Macrae et al. 2004; Heatherton et al. 2006).”
Martens, A., Greenberg, J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308323224 · Cited by 51
Wong, S., Flanagan, E. C., Savage, G. R., Hodges, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087778 · Cited by 49
“Importantly, retrieval of self-relevant information is associated with the integrity [75] and activity [76] of the medial PFC (MPFC).”
BackgroundKizilirmak, J. M., Schott, B. H., Thuerich, H., Sweeney‐Reed, C. M., Richter, A., Folta-Schoofs, K., & Richardson‐Klavehn, A. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.005 · Cited by 43
Self-involvement modulates the effective connectivity of the autobiographical memory network
Muscatell, K. A., Addis, D. R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp043 · Cited by 46
For Love or Money: A Common Neural Currency for Social and Monetary Reward
Saxe, R. R., & Haushofer, J. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.005 · Cited by 49
“…are neatly complementary to a robust result in social cognitive neuroscience: activation in the MPFC when participants themselves evaluate their own personality relative to when they evaluate the personality of an unfamiliar person (Macrae et al., 2004; Northoff et al., 2006; Saxe et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCultural modulation of self-referential brain activity for personality traits and social identities
Sul, S., Choi, I., & Kang, P. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.614001 · Cited by 43
Hayes, S. C., Law, S., Malady, M., Zhu, Z., & Bai, X. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.005 · Cited by 49
Shared mechanisms may support mnemonic benefits from self-referencing and emotion
Gutchess, A., & Kensinger, E. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.05.001 · Cited by 34
“Activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), a region broadly tied to the organization of information within a goal-relevant framework,also respondsto the processingandencodingofself-referential [6,64]andemotionally arousing information [65–67].”
An fMRI investigation of emotional processing of body shape in bulimia nervosa
Spangler, D. L., & Allen, M. D. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20899 · Cited by 45
Neural Correlates of People's Hypercorrection of Their False Beliefs
Metcalfe, J., Butterfield, B., Habeck, C. G., & Stern, Y. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00228 · Cited by 47
Associative Account of Self-Cognition: Extended Forward Model and Multi-Layer Structure
Sugiura, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00535 · Cited by 46
Morel, N., Villain, N., Rauchs, G., Gaubert, M., Piolino, P., Landeau, B., Mézenge, F., Desgranges, B., Eustache, F., & Chételat, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090488 · Cited by 42
“the anterior cingulate cortex and the hippocampus, in line with previous reports [22,23,61], as well as the insula and lateral temporal cortex.”
BackgroundResultValence-based age differences in medial prefrontal activity during impression formation
Cassidy, B. S., Leshikar, E. D., Shih, J. Y., Aizenman, A., & Gutchess, A. H. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.832373 · Cited by 42
Dissociable Neural Substrates for Agentic versus Conceptual Representations of Self
Powell, L. J., Macrae, C. N., Cloutier, J., Metcalfe, J., & Mitchell, J. P. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21368 · Cited by 43
“judgments of oneʼs personality than the personality of another person (Ames, Jenkins, Banaji, & Mitchell, 2008; Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell, 2008; DʼArgembeau et al., 2007; Zhu, Zhang, Fan, & Han, 2007; Heatherton et al., 2006; Mitchell, Macrae, & Banaji, 2006; Moran, Macrae, Heatherton,Wyland, & Kelley, 2006; Lou et…”
BackgroundInfluentialRight‐hemisphere motor facilitation by self‐descriptive personality‐trait words
Molnar-Szakacs, I., Uddin, L. Q., & Iacoboni, M. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04019.x · Cited by 42
“Among these regions, activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) predicts whether individuals find a trait to be self-descriptive (Macrae et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialRegional white matter development in children with autism spectrum disorders
Carmody, D. P., & Lewis, M. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20471 · Cited by 42
Neural correlates of the self-reference effect: evidence from evaluation and recognition processes
Yaoi, K., Osaka, M., & Osaka, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00383 · Cited by 41
Mitchell, K., Raye, C. L., Ebner, N. C., Tubridy, S. M., Tsibris, H. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0015181 · Cited by 40
“…and posterior medial cortex was in line with previous evidence relating these regions to self-relevant thinking across a range of tasks (e.g., Cavanna & Trimble, 2006; Lieberman, 2007; Macrae et al., 2004; Mitchell, 2008; Northoff et al., 2006; Olsson & Ochsner, 2008; Vogt & Laureys, 2005).”
Brosch, T., Coppin, G., Schwartz, S., & Sander, D. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr036 · Cited by 56
“Precuneus has been shown to be involved in self-reflective processing and the processing of autobiographic memories based on episodic memory retrieval and mental imagery strategies (Macrae et al., 2004; Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; D’Argembeau et al., 2005; Mitchell et al., 2005; Cavanna and Trimble, 2006; Johnson et…”
Remembering first impressions: Effects of intentionality and diagnosticity on subsequent memory
Gilron, R., & Gutchess, A. H. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0074-6 · Cited by 41
“We also focused on regions of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) that have been broadly implicated in explicit encoding processes (Macrae et al., 2004; Squire, 2004), although, to date, little evidence has associated MTL with the encoding of social information.”
Medial prefrontal cortex: adding value to imagined scenarios
Lin, W.-J., Horner, A. J., Bisby, J. A., & Burgess, N. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00836 · Cited by 40
Kalenzaga, S., Sperduti, M., Anssens, A., Martinelli, P., Devauchelle, A.-D., Gallarda, T., Delhommeau, M., Lion, S., Amado, I., Krebs, M., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00449 · Cited by 40
“Keywords: self-reference effect, autobiographical memory, semantic memory, source memory, autonoetic consciousness, medial prefrontal cortex, aging”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCrowley, R., Bendor, D., & Javadi, A. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.004 · Cited by 45
Autobiographical Memory and the Narrative Self over the Life Span
Birren, J. E., & Schroots, J. J. F. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b9-78-012101-2/64950-0240 · Cited by 40
Walter, M., Matthiae, C., Wiebking, C., Rotte, M., Tempelmann, C., Bogerts, B., Heinze, H., & Northoff, G. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20506 · Cited by 39
“…2002; Frith and Frith, 1999, 2003; Gallagher and Frith, 2003; Kampe et al., 2003], memory retrieval tasks [Fossati et al., 2003; Lou et al., 2004; Macrae et al., 2004; Maddock et al., 2003], self-related processing [Kelley et al., 2002; Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Northoff et al., 2006; Wicker…”
BackgroundInfluentialSoch, J., Deserno, L., Assmann, A., Barman, A., Walter, H., Richardson‐Klavehn, A., & Schott, B. H. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw206 · Cited by 40
“Social cognitive tasks that engage this network include self-reference (SR) and reference to others (OR) (Kelley et al. 2002; Macrae et al. 2004; Moran et al. 2006; Qin et al. 2012), mentalizing and Theory of Mind (Spreng et al.”
BackgroundMethodScalici, F., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.017 · Cited by 41
“Particularly, in the literature on memory for self-referenced information the relationship between the medial PFC and item recognition has been pointed out (e.g., Gutchess et al., 2010; Macrae et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe role of neuroimaging for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders
Paulus, M. P. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20499 · Cited by 41
“Other investigators have shown that activity in MPFC predicted both subsequent memory performance and judgments of self-relevance [Kelley et al., 2002; Macrae et al., 2004].”
ResultSelf-esteem modulates dorsal anterior cingulate cortical response in self-referential processing
Yang, J., Dedovic, K., Chen, W., & Zhang, Q. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.010 · Cited by 38
Age Differences in Self-Referencing: Evidence for Common and Distinct Encoding Strategies
Gutchess, A., Sokal, R., Coleman, J. A., Gotthilf, G., Grewal, L., & Rosa, N. M. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.033 · Cited by 40
McCrackin, S. D., & Itier, R. J. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.003 · Cited by 38
Wang, Y., Zhu, W., Xiao, M., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, X., Zheng, Y., & Xia, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00526 · Cited by 38
“Hostile attribution bias may be related to regional GM density of the PFC (Macrae et al., 2004; Ochsner et al., 2004).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of reflection on goal states: The role of regulatory focus and temporal distance
Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910902750186 · Cited by 37
“Consistent with Johnson et al. (2006), areas of medial PFC (BA 10/11) were more active when participants thought about promotion goals (see Figure 1). As noted throughout, activity in medial PFC has been associated with self-projective tasks in which participants reflect on themselves (e.g., Macrae, Moran, Heatherton,…”
BackgroundLux, B. K., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Han, J.-H., Lee, E., & Woo, C. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn8616 · Cited by 36
Specificity of Memory: Implications for Individual and Collective Remembering
Schacter, D. L., Gutchess, A. H., & Kensinger, E. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511626999.006 · Cited by 37
Abnormal Neural Responses to Social Exclusion in Schizophrenia
Gradin, V. B., Waiter, G. D., Kumar, P., Stickle, C., Milders, M. M., Matthews, K., Reid, I., Hall, J., & Steele, J. D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042608 · Cited by 36
“The ventral and rostral mPFC activates during self-evaluation and mentalising tasks that require inferences about other people’s thoughts [8,30–33].”
An online paradigm for exploring the self-reference effect
Bentley, S. V., Greenaway, K. H., & Haslam, S. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176611 · Cited by 41
“Furthermore, the self-reference effect has been used to progress potential memory enhancement strategies for individuals with neurological damage [4] and has stimulated a rich line of enquiry in the emerging field of neuroscience, with the behavioral data obtained using the traditional self-referential paradigm enrich…”
MethodKana, R., Sartin, E. B., Stevens, C., Deshpande, H., Klein, C. L., Klinger, M. R., & Klinger, L. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.008 · Cited by 37
Gaming-addicted teens identify more with their cyber-self than their own self: Neural evidence
Choi, E. J., Taylor, M. J., Hong, S.-B., Kim, C.-D., Kim, J.-W., McIntyre, R. S., & Yi, S.-H. (2018) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.05.012 · Cited by 41
Modification of EEG power spectra and EEG connectivity in autobiographical memory: a sLORETA study
Imperatori, C., Brunetti, R., Farina, B., Speranza, A. M., Losurdo, A., Testani, E., Contardi, A., & Marca, G. D. (2014) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-014-0605-5 · Cited by 36
Spatiotemporal cortical activation underlying self-referencial processing evoked by self-hand
Su, Y., Chen, A., Yin, H., Qiu, J., Lv, J., Wei, D., Tian, F., Tu, S., & Wang, T. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.004 · Cited by 37
“Moreover, greater ACC activity during encoding of self-referential trait adjectives relative to conditions that were not self-related (Fossati et al., 2003, 2004; Macrae et al., 2004).”
Priming for self-esteem influences the monitoring of one’s own performance
Bengtsson, S., Dolan, R. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq048 · Cited by 37
“, 2009), and in studies where participants reflect upon whether a trait applies to themselves or not activation in the anterior cingulate cortex is typically observed (Macrae et al., 2004; Ochsner et al., 2005; Amodio and Frith, 2006).”
BackgroundResultBrain mechanisms of perceiving tools and imagining tool use acts: A functional MRI study
Wadsworth, H. M., & Kana, R. K. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.010 · Cited by 35
Heinzel, A., Walter, M., Schneider, F., Rotte, M., Matthiae, C., Tempelmann, C., Heinze, H., Bogerts, B., & Northoff, G. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600663137 · Cited by 34
“Finally, self-related processing in other domains like spatial stimuli (Vogeley, May, Ritzel, Falkai, Zilles, & Fink, 2004), autobiographical stimuli (Fossati et al., 2003, 2004; Lou et al., 2004; Macrae et al., 2004), and facial stimuli (Fossati et al.”
InfluentialPeng, X., Li, Y., Wang, P., Mo, L., & Chen, Q. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.999162 · Cited by 38
Sloan, D. M., & Bertram, E. H. (2008) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01790.x · Cited by 33
“The prefrontal cortex (PC) is associated with memory functions, as well as higher-level functions such as executive processing and decision-making (Deacon et al., 2003; Macrae et al., 2004; Price, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialDamage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex reduces interpersonal disgust
Ciaramelli, E., Sperotto, R., Mattioli, F., & di Pellegrino, G. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss087 · Cited by 36
“The vmPFC is crucial for self-referential processing and the neural representation of self (Kelley et al., 2002; Beer et al., 2003; Macrae et al., 2004; Moran et al., 2006; Philippi et al., 2012), and, therefore, damage to this region may further hinder mechanisms of social appraisal and comparison.”
BackgroundGreen, M. F., Lee, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt131 · Cited by 33
“The Self-Referential Memory Task assesses the ability to make inferences about traits applied to oneself and others and is associated with the mPFC. 83 In this task, participants are asked to judge whether trait words describe themselves or others in general, and then perform a recognition memory…”
BackgroundAnkudowich, E., Pasvanis, S., & Rajah, M. N. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.006 · Cited by 29
3. Social cognitive neuroscience: Historical development, core principles, and future promise
Ochsner, K. N. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 33
Maillet, D., & Rajah, M. N. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00935 · Cited by 32
Mine or mother’s? Exploring the self-ownership effect across cultures
Golubickis, M., Ho, N. S. P., Falbén, J. K., Mackenzie, K. M., Boschetti, A., Cunningham, W. A., & Macrae, C. N. (2018) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-018-0068-0 · Cited by 33
Activity in cortical midline structures is modulated by self-construal changes during acculturation
Chen, P.-H. A., Wagner, D. D., Kelley, W. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (2015) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-015-0026-z · Cited by 33
“…a major role in representing knowledge about the self (Denny et al. 2012; Heatherton 2011; Heatherton et al. 2006; Johnson 2006; Kelley et al. 2002; Macrae et al. 2004; Moran et al. 2013; Moran et al. 2006; Northoff and Bermpohl 2004; Northoff et al. 2006; Ochsner et al. 2005; Pfeifer et al. 2007;…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Macrae, C. N.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Macrae, C. N.
- ORCID
- Macrae, C. N.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-04-14
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 647-654
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2096259174
- Cited by
- 581
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH66720, R21MH066720)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- medial prefrontal cortex, self-knowledge, self-relevance, personality traits, social memory, memory encoding, self-referential processing, event-related fMRI
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Ego, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Self Concept, Statistics as Topic, Prefrontal Cortex
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