Psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in primary care: course and determinants

Borsje, Petra; Hems, Marleen A P; Lucassen, Peter L B J; Bor, Hans; Koopmans, Raymond T C M; Pot, Anne Margriet

doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw009

Cited by 86Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNursing care and researchFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

Psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in primary care: course and determinants

Borsje, Petra, Hems, Marleen A P, Lucassen, Peter L B J, Bor, Hans, Koopmans, Raymond T C M, Pot, Anne Margriet·2016·Family Practice

DOI 10.1093/fampra/cmw009

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The course of psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia has been investigated in longitudinal studies with conflicting outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the course and determinants of psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in primary care. METHODS: In this prospective observational cohort study, data were collected at baseline, after 9 and 18 months. We assessed cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of the patient (Mini-Mental State Examination and Neuropsychiatric Inventory) and psychological distress (Sense of Competence Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale and General Health Questionnaire 12-tem version) of the informal caregivers. Determinants for the course of psychological distress were caregivers' age, gender and relationship with the patient, patients' cognition and NPS, participation in a care program and admission to long-term care facilities (LTCF). With linear mixed models, the course over time for psychological distress and its determinants were explored. RESULTS: We included 117 informal caregivers, of whom 23.1% had a high risk for depression and 41.0% were identified to be likely to have mental problems at baseline. We found a stable pattern of psychological distress over time. Higher frequency of NPS, informal caregivers' age between 50 and 70 years and being female or spouse were associated with higher psychological distress. For patients who were admitted to a LTCF during the study psychological distress of the informal caregivers improved. CONCLUSIONS: GPs should focus on NPS in patients with dementia and on caregivers' psychological distress and be aware of their risk for depression and mental problems, specifically to those who are spouse, female or between 50 and 70 years of age.

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Prior research suggests female carers spend more time caregiving and have multiple conflicting roles, resulting in greater psychological distress than male carers.
“Prior research suggests that female carers tend to spend more time in caregiving and often have to play multiple conflicting roles 57 resulting in greater psychological distress compared to male carers 11,58,59 .”
From Anxiety in Informal Dementia Carers: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence (2020) · cites this paper as [58]

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Authors: Borsje, P., Hems, M. A. P., Lucassen, P. L. B. J., Bor, H., Koopmans, R. T. C. M., & Pot, A. M.
Affiliations: Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
Centre for Family Medicine (CA)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Borsje, Petra
ORCID: Lucassen, Peter L B J
Koopmans, Raymond T C M
Pot, Anne Margriet
Venue: Family Practice
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2016-03-11
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 374-381
ISSN: 0263-2136 (ISSN-L)
1460-2229
DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmw009
OpenAlex: W2325332993
Cited by: 86
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 6.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Family Practice (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: psychological distress, informal caregivers, dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression, caregiver mental health, primary care, long-term care admission, spousal caregivers
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dementia, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, Primary Health Care, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Caregivers, Spouses

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Psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in primary care: course and determinants

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