Physiological and functional consequences of caregiving for relatives with dementia
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic stress negatively affects health and well-being. A growing population of informal dementia caregivers experience chronic stress associated with extraordinary demands of caring for a relative with dementia. This review summarizes physiological and functional changes due to chronic dementia caregiver stress. METHODS: A literature search for papers assessing effects of dementia caregiving was conducted focusing on publications evaluating differences between caregivers and non-caregivers in objective measures of health and cognition. RESULTS: The review identified 37 studies describing data from 4,145 participants including 749 dementia caregivers and 3,396 non-caregiver peers. Objective outcome measures affected in dementia caregivers included markers of dyscoagulation, inflammation, and cell aging as well as measures of immune function, sleep, and cognition. Though diverse in designs, samples, and study quality, the majority of the studies indicated increased vulnerability of dementia caregivers to detrimental changes in health and cognition. Demographic and personality characteristics moderating or mediating effects of chronic stress in caregivers were also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: There is accumulating evidence that chronic dementia caregiver stress increases their vulnerability to disease and diminishes their ability to provide optimal care. Clinicians and society need to appreciate the extent of deleterious effects of chronic stress on dementia caregiver health.
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The stress of providing dementia care increases caregivers' susceptibility to disease and health complications.
“Evidence suggests that the stress of providing dementia care increases caregivers' susceptibility to disease and health complications.505”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [505]
Evidence suggests that the stress of providing dementia care increases caregivers' susceptibility to disease and health complications.
“Evidence suggests that the stress of providing dementia care increases caregivers’ susceptibility to disease and health complications. 551”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [551]
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“Evidence suggests that the stress of providing dementia care increases caregivers’ susceptibility to disease and health complications [339].”
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Factors associated with sleep in family caregivers of individuals with dementia
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Akgun-Citak, E., Attepe-Ozden, S., Vaskelyte, A., van Bruchem-Visser, R. L., Pompili, S., Kav, S., Acar, S., Aksoydan, E., Altintas, A., Aytar, A., et al. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103971 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Is Family Caregiving Associated With Inflammation or Compromised Immunity? A Meta-Analysis
Roth, D. L., Sheehan, O. C., Haley, W. E., Jenny, N. S., Cushman, M., & Walston, J. D. (2019) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnz015 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gibson, A., Holmes, S. D., Fields, N. L., & Richardson, V. (2019) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2019.1636332 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Evidence suggests that providing care for persons with dementia is associated with high levels of burden, fatigue, as well as mental and physical health issues (Dassel & Carr, 2016; Fonareva & Oken, 2014; Park et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHealth and frailty among older spousal caregivers: an observational cohort study in Belgium
Potier, F., Degryse, J., Bihin, B., Debacq‐Chainiaux, F., Charlet-Renard, C., Martens, H., & de Saint‐Hubert, M. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0980-3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Patient Familial Caregivers: A Review of Burden and Interventions
Wennberg, A. M. V., Dye, C. J., Streetman-Loy, B., & Pham, H. (2015) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlv062 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Tatangelo, G. L., McCabe, M. P., Macleod, A., & Konis, A. (2018) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12534 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…established that family caregivers of people with dementia who live within the community often experience stress, depression, anxiety and poor quality of life as a result of their care- giving role (Argimon, Limon, Vila, & Cabezas, 2005; Etters, Goodall, & Harrison, 2008; Fonareva & Oken, 2014).”
BackgroundAn Online Program for Caregivers of Persons Living With Dementia: Lessons Learned
Kovaleva, M. A., Blevins, L., Griffiths, P. C., & Hepburn, K. W. (2017) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464817705958 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…linked not only to emotional rewards, relationship gains, and personal and spiritual growth (Lloyd, Patterson, & Muers, 2016; Roth, Fredman, & Haley, 2015) but also to negative outcomes for caregivers’ physical health (Fonareva & Oken, 2014) and psychological well-being (Sörensen & Conwell, 2011).”
BackgroundPsychometric Evaluation of Kingston Caregiver Stress Scale
Sadak, T., Korpak, A., Wright, J., Lee, M.-K., Noel, M., Buckwalter, K., & Borson, S. (2017) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2017.1313349 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Consequently, dementia caregivers experience more physical, cognitive, and psychological stress than do non-caregivers (Fonareva & Oken, 2014; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2003; Schulz, Boerner, Shear, Zhang, & Gitlin, 2006; Vitaliano, Ustundag, & Borson, 2016), and caregivers with high levels of stress…”
BackgroundAssessing and Addressing Family Caregivers' Needs and Risks in Primary Care
Riffin, C. A., Wolff, J. L., & Pillemer, K. A. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16945 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chen, C., Thunell, J., & Zissimopoulos, J. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12082 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Expert Consensus on the Care and Management of Patients with Cognitive Impairment in China
Han, Y., Jia, J., Li, X., Lv, Y., Sun, X., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Zhou, J., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-019-00444-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wang, X., Liu, S., Robinson, K. M., Shawler, C., & Zhou, L. (2018) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12354 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Walk a Mile in My Shoes:” African American Caregiver Perceptions of Caregiving and Self-Care
Cothran, F., Paun, O., Strayhorn, S. M., & Barnes, L. (2020) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2020.1734777 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tremont, G. N., Davis, J. D., Ott, B. R., Galioto, R., Crook, C. L., Papandonatos, G. D., Fortinsky, R. H., Gozalo, P. L., & Bishop, D. S. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14684 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Leggett, A. N., Polenick, C. A., Maust, D. T., & Kales, H. C. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx202 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
2026 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71345 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Greenwood, N., Pound, C., Smith, R., & Brearley, S. A. (2019) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.02.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Evidence is also growing that not only does caring influence sleep but also physiological health markers [6].”
BackgroundMoreno-Cámara, S., Moral, P. Á. P., Moral-Fernández, L., Osuna, A. F., Parra‐Anguita, L., & Casado, R. D. P. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16060993 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“However, caring for a family member with dementia can cause more physical and emotional problems than in other care situations, due to the high and changing demand for care from people with dementia [14,19,20].”
BackgroundSiciliano, M., Santangelo, G., Trojsi, F., Somma, C. D., Patrone, M., Femiano, C., Monsurrò, M., Trojano, L., & Tedeschi, G. (2017) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2017.1285316 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Brewster, G. S., Wang, D., McPhillips, M., Epps, F., & Yang, I. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2139655 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Caregivers also report poor sleep quality (Fonareva & Oken, 2014; H. L. Peng et al., 2019; Wilcox & King, 1999), sleep less than the recommended duration (Gao et al., 2019), and spend less time in the restorative stages of sleep (Castro et al., 2009; Fonareva et al., 2011; McKibbin et al., 2005).”
BackgroundRubin, S. S., Manevich, A., & Doron, I. I. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1688014 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Moreover, a critical review of 37 studies pointed out the link between dementia patient caretaking and worsening physical health and cognitive function of the primary caregiver (Fonareva & Oken, 2014).”
BackgroundZwar, L., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.048 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Overlooking Informal Dementia Caregivers' Burden
Riedel, O., Klotsche, J., & Wïttchen, H. (2016) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20160531-02 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The additional adverse impact of such a dual burden has been previously described and additionally increases the probability of an end to personal care (Fonareva and Oken 2014; Thomas et al. 2004).”
BackgroundPloeg, J., McAiney, C., Duggleby, W., Chambers, T., Lam, A., Peacock, S., Fisher, K., Forbes, D. A., Ghosh, S., Markle-Reid, M., et al. (2018) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/aging.8475 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“While caring for a person with ADRD can provide a source of meaning and fulfillment [1], its adverse effects on the caregiver’s physical and mental health, financial well-being, and quality of life are well documented [6-9].”
Ptomey, L. T., Vidoni, E. D., Montenegro‐Montenegro, E., Thompson, M. A., Sherman, J. R., Gorczyca, A. M., Greene, J. L., Washburn, R. A., & Donnelly, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2018-0298 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript (Alzheimer’s Association and National Alliance for Caregiving, 2017b; Fonareva & Oken, 2014).”
BackgroundBankole, A., Anderson, M. S., Homdee, N., Alam, R., Lofton, A., Fyffe, N., Goins, H., Newbold, T., Smith‐Jackson, T. L., & Lach, J. (2020) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317520906686 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Caregivers of PWD report high levels of emotional, physical, and financial stress(11) and are susceptible to disease and health complications.(12) Caregivers experience increased burden due to the challenges and stresses of caring for PWD.”
BackgroundSpiers, G., Liddle, J., Kunonga, P., Whitehead, I. O., Beyer, F. R., Stow, D., Welsh, C. E., Ramsay, S. E., Craig, D., & Hanratty, B. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046187 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prompting Technology and Persons With Dementia: The Significance of Context and Communication
Braley, R., Fritz, R. M., Son, C. R. V., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny071 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sleep disturbances and physical health problems in caregivers of children with ASD
Lovell, B., Elder, G. J., & Wetherell, M. A. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103932 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Predicting Caregiver Burden in Informal Caregivers for the Elderly in Ecuador
Ruisoto, P., Ramírez, M. R., Paladines-Costa, B., Vaca, S., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197338 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lwi, S. J., Ford, B. Q., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2137448 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…extant literature suggests that loneliness in both caregiving and non-caregiving populations has been associated with worse brain health, such as an increased risk of dementia and poor cognitive functioning (Corrêa et al., 2019; Fonareva & Oken, 2014; Richardson et al., 2013; Salinas et al., 2022).”
BackgroundGuerchet, M., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Lloyd-Sherlock, P. G., Sosa, A. L., Uwakwe, R., Acosta, I., Ezeah, P., Gallardo, S., Liu, Z., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195567 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Excessive care demands are known to have an adverse effect on caregiver health [30].”
BackgroundA Landscape of Subjective and Objective Stress in African-American Dementia Family Caregivers
Cothran, F. A., Chang, E., Beckett, L., Bidwell, J. T., Price, C. A., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2022) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459211062956 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Our findings are consistent with ongoing literature highlighting associations between discrimination and mental health outcomes for African Americans (APA 2016; Berger & Sarnyai, 2015; Forrester et al., 2019; Forde et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultKabir, Z. N., Leung, A. Y. M., Grundberg, Å., Boström, A., Lämås, K., Kallström, A. P., Moberg, C., Cronfalk, B. S., Meijer, S., & Konradsen, H. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01712-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pathways to healing: Plants with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases
Tyler, S. E. B., & Tyler, L. D. K. (2023) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Stresses associated with extraordinary demands of caring increases carers ’ vulnerability to disease (Fonareva and Oken, 2014).”
Lin, X. Y., Saksono, H., Stowell, E., Lachman, M. E., Castaneda‐Sceppa, C., & Parker, A. G. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3415222 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“These elevated stress levels further increase caregivers’ vulnerability to poor physical health [25].”
BackgroundPertl, M. M., Hannigan, C., Brennan, S., Robertson, I. H., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610216002337 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“(Fonareva and Oken, 2014).”
Síndrome de carga del cuidador y factores asociados en cuidadores familiares gallegos
Blanco, V., Guisande, M. A., Sánchez, M. T., Otero, P., López, L., & Vázquez, F. L. (2018) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2018.03.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Las características sociodemográficas y de la situación de cui-dado fueron evaluadas con el Cuestionario de las Características del Cuidador, elaborado ad hoc para recoger información sobre el cuidador (sexo, edad, estado civil, estudios, actividad principal e 5 cui-dados, además de un ítem sobre el…”
BackgroundHome care in dementia: The views of informal carers from a co-designed consultation
Dalgarno, E. L., Gillan, V., Roberts, A., Tottie, J., Britt, D., Toole, C., & Clarkson, P. (2021) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301221990504 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Parker, L. J., Gaugler, J. E., Samus, Q. M., & Gitlin, L. N. (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15995 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Although positive effects for caregiving exist,(5) familial caregiving can be stressful and result in negative health consequences, including psychological distress, poor health, and compromised physiological functioning.(6,7) Many caregivers have unmet needs for care, services, and support.”
BackgroundTime Effects of Informal Caregiving on Cognitive Function and Well-Being: Evidence From ELSA
Yuan, J., & Grühn, D. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaa114 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hong, Y. A., Shen, K., Han, H.-R., Park, V. T., Lu, H. K., & Cleaveland, C. L. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2285918 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Because of the prolonged and stressful nature of ADRD care-giving, family caregivers experience high rates of psychosocial distress and adverse mental health outcomes (Allen et al., 2017; Fonareva & Oken, 2014; Schulz & Martire, 2004).”
BackgroundSong, M. J., & Kim, J. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413079 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Specifically, family caregivers of PWD were found to have higher risks of atherosclerosis [34–37], poorer physical health conditions [4,10,38], cognitive impairments [6–9], and poorer psychological health including stress [39], depression, and anxiety [13,40–42].”
BackgroundDuggleby, W., Ploeg, J., McAiney, C., Fisher, K., Jovel Ruiz, K., Ghosh, S., Peacock, S., Markle-Reid, M., Williams, A., Triscott, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14254 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The need to support these family carers is well documented as they experience significant changes in their lives [2] that can negatively impact their physical and mental health [3,4].”
Leggett, A. N., Koo, H. J., Park, B., & Choi, H. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…to disease, irregular levels of stress hormones/increased allostatic load, and higher morbidity (Aneshensel et al., 1995; Cuijpers, 2005; Fonareva & Oken, 2014; Hinrichsen & Zweig, 1994; Mausbach et al., 2013; Perkins et al., 2013; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006; Schulz & Beach, 1999; von…”
“IT TOOK THE STRESS OUT OF GETTING HELP”: THE STAR-CTELEMEDICINE MIXED METHODS PILOT
Lindauer, A., Croff, R., Mincks, K., Mattek, N., Shofner, S. J., Bouranis, N., & Teri, L. L. (2018) · Care weekly · doi:10.14283/cw.2018.10 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Miller, L. M., Utz, R., Supiano, K. P., Lund, D. A., & Caserta, M. S. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113455 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shin, J. H., & Kim, J. H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316252 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“More specifically, the family caregivers of patients with various dementia disorders were more likely to have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases [74–76], poor physical health status [13,16,24], poor psychological health status including strain, depression, and anxiety [25,77–79], sleep disturbances and poor…”
BackgroundSacco, L., Leineweber, C., & Platts, L. G. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx198 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Dean, G. E., Weiss, C., Morris, J. L., & Chasens, E. R. (2017) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2017.04.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ribeiro, F. E. D. M., Moreno-Cámara, S., da-Silva-Domingues, H., Moral, P. Á. P., & Casado, R. D. P. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12151494 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Preliminary Evidence for Effectiveness of Resourcefulness Training in Women Dementia Caregivers.
Zauszniewski, J. A., Lekhak, N., Burant, C. J., Variath, M., & Morris, D. L. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moretta, P., Masotta, O., Crispino, E., Castronovo, G., Ruvolo, S., Montalbano, C., Loreto, V., Trojano, L., & Estraneo, A. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1290278 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Even if we did not measure cortisol levels in our participants, their stressful condition was clearly demonstrated by indirect indexes of psychological distress, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety, psychophysiological distress and perceived burden, to an extent comparable to that described in caregivers of demented…”
ResultLa dependencia: efectos en la salud familiar
Fernández, M. E. E., Gil‐Lacruz, A. I., Gil‐Lacruz, M., & López, A. V. (2017) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2016.12.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Thomas, N., Lindauer, A., & Kaye, J. A. (2019) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000497805 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Time use by family caregivers of elderly with dementia: an integrative review
Carvalho, E. B., & Neri, A. L. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0268 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wennberg, A. M. V., Anderson, L. R., Cagnin, A., Chen-Edinboro, L. P., & Pini, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1130099 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Decades of evidence have shown that the stress and burden of caregiving is associated with poorer physical and mental health outcomes in caregivers (6).”
BackgroundDementia Caregiver Insights on Use of Assistive Technologies
Mikula, C. M., Perry, C., Boone, A. E., Benge, J. F., Scullin, M. K., & Kiselica, A. M. (2022) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waac027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Testing Tele‐Savvy: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Kovaleva, M. A., Bilsborough, E., Griffiths, P. C., Nocera, J. R., Higgins, M. K., Epps, F. R., Kilgore, K. M., Lindauer, A., Morhardt, D., Shah, R. C., et al. (2018) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21859 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Many caregivers experience poor physical and psychological health (Coffman, Resnick, & Lathan, 2017; Fonareva & Oken, 2014; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2007); compromised immune response (Bennett, Fagundes, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2012); and strained employment and financial hardships (Alzheimer's Association,…”
BackgroundElderly Who Care for Elderly: DoubleVulnerability and Quality of Life
Flesch, L. D., Batistoni, S. S. T., Neri, A. L., & Cachioni, M. (2020) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rural Caregivers: Identification of Informational Needs Through Telemedicine Questions
Bardach, S. H., Gibson, A., Parsons, K., Stauffer, A., & Jicha, G. A. (2020) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12431 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Moholt, J.-M., Friborg, O., Skaalvik, M. W., & Henriksen, N. O. (2018) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312118792812 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pozet, A., Lejeune, C., Bonnet, M., Dabakuyo‐Yonli, T. S., Dion, M., Fagnoni, P., Gaimard, M., Imbert, G., Nerich, V., Foubert, A., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1622-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Leszko, M., & Allen, D. J. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad086 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Moholt, J.-M., Friborg, O., Henriksen, N. O., Hamran, T., & Blix, B. H. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x2000015x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, 2016) and increase the risk of physical ailments (Fonareva and Oken, 2014).”
BackgroundLucero, R. J., Yoon, S., Suero-Tejeda, N. M., Arcia, A., Iribarren, S., Mittelman, M. S., Luchsinger, J. A., & Henry, S. B. (2022) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooab114 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lucero, R. J., Jaime-Lara, R. B., Cortés, Y. I., Kearney, J. A., Granja, M. R., Suero-Tejeda, N. M., Henry, S. B., & Luchsinger, J. A. (2018) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/1540415318819220 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The experience of these emotional challenges can make IDCs vulnerable to physical health complications (Fonareva & Oken, 2014).”
BackgroundKlein, O. A., Boekholt, M., Afrin, D., Dornquast, C., Dreier, A., Keller, A., Michalowsky, B., Zwingmann, I., Teipel, S. J., Thyrian, J. R., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05290-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Family caregivers of people with dementia are likely to suffer from a range of health problems, such as depression, anxiety and physical illnesses [8, 9], as well as other negative conditions, such as social isolation, financial strain and poor quality of life [8, 10].”
BackgroundDuRant, S. E., de Bruijn, R., Tran, M. N., & Romero, L. M. (2016) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Melo, G., Marôco, J. P., Basto, M. L., & de Mendonça, A. (2016) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.08.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The role of caregiving in cognitive function and change: The REGARDS study.
Elayoubi, J., Nelson, M. E., Mu, C., Haley, W. E., Wadley, V. G., Clay, O. J., Crowe, M. G., Cushman, M., Grant, J. S., Roth, D. L., et al. (2023) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000766 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Williamson, H. J., Begay, A. B., Dunn, D. J., Bacon, R. J., Remiker, M. W., Garcia, Y. E., McCarthy, M. J., & Baldwin, J. A. (2022) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5193 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hedman, R., Norberg, A., & Hellström, I. (2017) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301217706268 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Clarke, R., Farina, N., Chen, H. L., & Rusted, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464820917861 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In addition, Lamont et al. (2019) reported that, controlling for age, sex, and number of hours of caregiving, self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem were independently associated with capability of carers of PwD to “live well.””
BackgroundInfluentialFekete, M., Szabó, Á., Stephens, C. V., & Alpass, F. (2017) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301217725897 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Klein, A. Z., Magge, A., O’Connor, K., & Gonzalez‐Hernandez, G. (2022) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/39547 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For instance, compared with noncaregivers, they are more vulnerable to disease due to chronic stress [5] and have lower durations and quality of sleep [6].”
BackgroundEpisodic memory and executive functioning in informal dementia caregivers
Jütten, L. H., Mark, R. E., & Sitskoorn, M. M. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1617242 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fonareva, I., & Oken, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oken, Barry S.
- ORCID
- Oken, Barry S.
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 725-747
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3975665
- OpenAlex
- W2125058262
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG008017)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007262)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (F31AT006647, T32AT002688, K24AT005121)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- dementia caregiving, informal caregivers, chronic stress, caregiver health, inflammation, cellular aging, immune function, sleep, cognition, personality moderators, caregiver burden
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Dementia, Female, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Male, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Time, Caregivers, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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