Turnover of R1 (type I) and R2 (type II) retrotransposable elements in the ribosomal DNA of drosophila melanogaster
Open accessAbstract
R1 and R2 are distantly related non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable elements each of which inserts into a specific site in the 28S rRNA genes of most insects. We have analyzed aspects of R1 and R2 abundance and sequence variation in 27 geographical isolates of Drosophila melanogaster. The fraction of 28S rRNA genes containing these elements varied greatly between strains, 17-67% for R1 elements and 2-28% for R2 elements. The total percentage of the rDNA repeats inserted ranged from 32 to 77%. The fraction of the rDNA repeats that contained both of these elements suggested that R1 and R2 exhibit neither an inhibition of nor preference for insertion into a 28S gene already containing the other type of element. Based on the conservation of restriction sites in the elements of all strains, and sequence analysis of individual elements from three strains, nucleotide divergence is very low for R1 and R2 elements within or between strains (less than 0.6%). This sequence uniformity is the expected result of the forces of concerted evolution (unequal crossovers and gene conversion) which act on the rRNA genes themselves. Evidence for the role of retrotransposition in the turnover of R1 and R2 was obtained by using naturally occurring 5' length polymorphisms of the elements as markers for independent transposition events. The pattern of these different length 5' truncations of R1 and R2 was found to be diverse and unique to most strains analyzed. Because recombination can only, with time, amplify or eliminate those length variants already present, the diversity found in each strain suggests that retrotransposition has played a critical role in maintaining these elements in the rDNA repeats of D. melanogaster.
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R1 elements occupy from 15% to 67% of rRNA genes, and R2 up to about 30%, depending on D. melanogaster strain.
“R1 elements occupy from 15% to 67% of rRNA genes, and R2 up to ∼ 30% depending on D. melanogaster strain (33).”
From Impaired function of rDNA transcription initiation machinery leads to derepression of ribosomal genes with insertions of R2 retrotransposon (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
The “7.5-2.2 kb” section reports R1 insertions in 17–67% of 28S rRNA genes and R2 insertions in 2–28%, varying by strain. That supports the upper bounds and the approximate R2 figure, but not the stated 15% R1 lower bound; the measurements were also limited to X-chromosome rDNA repeats. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Jakubczak, J. L., Zenni, M. K., Woodruff, R. C., & Eickbush, T. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- ORCID
- Jakubczak, J L
- Venue
- Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1992-05-01
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-142
- ISSN
- 0016-6731 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2631
- OpenAlex
- W1939502354
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- Drosophila melanogaster, ribosomal DNA, 28S rRNA gene, retrotransposition, concerted evolution, sequence variation, geographical isolates, gene conversion, unequal crossover
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoradiography, Base Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Crossing Over, Genetic, DNA Transposable Elements, DNA, Ribosomal, Drosophila melanogaster, Biological Evolution, Gene Conversion, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Ribosomal, 28S, X Chromosome
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