Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men
Abstract
The time course of strength gain with respect to the contributions of neural factors and hypertrophy was studied in five young men and five older men during the course of 8 weeks progressive strength training. Young and old men showed similar and significant percentage increases in strength. However, the neurophysiological adaptations in response to the training were quite different. Increases in maximal muscle activation (neural factors) played a dominant role throughout the training for old subjects, while young subjects showed strength gains due to neural factors only at the initial stage, with hypertrophy becoming the dominant factor after some 4 weeks of training. Our data suggest that the effect of muscle training in the old may entirely rest on the neural factors presumably acting of various levels of the nervous system which could result in increasing the maximal muscle activation level in the absence of significant hypertrophy.
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Resistance exercise preferentially improves neural factors during early periods of resistance training before adaptations in muscular factors such as muscle hypertrophy.
“It is well known that resistance exercise preferentially improves neural factors during early periods of resistance training before adaptations in muscular factors such as muscle hypertrophy (1).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
In older adults, adaptations in neural factors highly contribute to improvement in muscle strength by resistance training.
“Regarding the training intervention to older adults, adaptations in neural factors highly contribute to improvement in muscle strength by resistance training in older adults (1)”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
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“…can contribute substantially to the improvement of RFD in older adults (Ferri et al. 2003), it is considered that neural adaptations are the predominant mediator of the strength and power gains that older adults derive from resistance training (Moritani and deVries 1980; Vandervoort 2002).”
BackgroundCoelho‐Júnior, H. J., Marzetti, E., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Arai, H., & Uchida, M. C. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1857691 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…explanation can also be put forward in order to justify the effects of short-term interventions in CI older adults, given that greater relative improvements are expected to be achieved in the first months of training (Coelho-J unior et al., 2019a; H€akkinen et al., 1998; Moritani & deVries, 1980).”
BackgroundYamada, Y., Yoshida, T., Yokoyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Miyake, M., Yamagata, E., Yamada, M., Kimura, M., & Study, K.-K. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw125 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“The qualitative change observed in skeletal muscle appears to be related to numerous morphological and/or neuromuscular aspects, such as fat infiltration of muscles (10–12), decreased lateral force transmission (13,14), change of pennate angle (15), fiber type change with increased co-expression of mixed myosin heavy…”
BackgroundNelson, M. E., Fiatarone, M., Layne, J., Trice, I., Economos, C. D., Fielding, R., Ma, R., Pierson, R., & Evans, W. J. (1996) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/63.5.678 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Percentage Decline in Masters Superathlete Track and Field Performance With Aging
Baker, A. B., Tang, Y. Q., & Turner, M. J. (2003) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730303706 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
FIATARONE, M. A., O’Neill, E. F., Doyle, N., Clements, K. M., Roberts, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1993) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06714.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Shields, R. K., & Dudley‐Javoroski, S. (2007) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968306293447 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Thus, adaptations leading to increased torque occurred in a time frame consistent with volitional strength-training studies.(44) For the 2 subjects who trained beyond 6 months, PT remained greater than pretraining values at month 11.”
BackgroundHortobágyi, T., & DeVita, P. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.8.b401 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The data are more consistent in the few studies of aged subjects, indicating parallel increases in maximal force and associated EMG activity following resistive exercise training (45,46,47).”
ResultMuscle Strength and Mass of Lower Extremities in Relation to Functional Abilities in Elderly Adults
Carmeli, E., Reznick, A. Z., Coleman, R., & Carmeli, V. (2000) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000022168 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Häkkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., et al. (2001) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.171001051.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
HÄKKINEN, K., & PAKARINEN, A. (1994) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09678.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Fielding, R. A. (1995) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718547 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Moritani and DeVries trained five healthy older men (mean age 70 years) for 8 weeks at 66% of the 1RM of their elbow flexors [34].”
BackgroundThe Effects of High- and Moderate-Resistance Training on Muscle Function in the Elderly
Kalapotharakos, V. I., Michalopoulou, M., Godolias, G., Tokmakidis, S. P., Malliou, P. V., & Gourgoulis, V. (2004) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.12.2.131 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Moritani and deVries (1980) trained older men at 66% 1-RM for 8 weeks and reported gains of 23% in elbow-flexor 1- RM strength.”
BackgroundFragala, M. S., Jajtner, A. R., Beyer, K. S., Townsend, J. R., Emerson, N. S., Scanlon, T. C., Oliveira, L. P., Hoffman, J. R., & Stout, J. R. (2014) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-013-0120-z · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“However, in older adults, increases in strength are predominantly attributed to neural factors even up to 8 weeks into training [29].”
BackgroundMuscle Plasticity after Weight and Combined (Weight + Jump) Training
Toumi, H., Best, T. M., Martin, A., & Poumarat, G. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000139896.73157.21 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Holviala, J., Kraemer, W. J., Sillanpää, E., Karppinen, H., Avela, J., Kauhanen, A., HÄKKINEN, A. H., & Häkkinen, K. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2089-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Surface electromyography has been commonly used as an indirect method to study neural changes during strength training (Moritani and Devries 1980; Häkkinen 1994; Häkkinen et al. 1998, 2001) and may also provide information on possible neural interference effects of combined strength and endurance (Häkkinen et al.”
InfluentialKlinge, K., Magnusson, S. P., Simonsen, E. B., Aagaard, P., Klausen, K., & Kjær, M. (1997) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659702500522 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
DAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200211000-00001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Macaluso, A., Young, A., Gibb, K. S., Rowe, D. A., & VITO, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00416.2003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The first observation is in agreement with previous findings (16, 17, 19, 37), whereas the lack of change in coactivation of the antagonist muscles during the KE is in contrast with the results of previous studies (16, 17).”
ResultResistance training induced increase in muscle fiber size in young and older men
Mero, A. A., Hulmi, J. J., Salmijärvi, H., Katajavuori, M., Haverinen, M., Holviala, J., Ridanpää, T., Häkkinen, K., Kovanen, V., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2466-x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“However, some studies (Kosek et al. 2006; Moritani and deVries 1980; Welle et al. 1996), but not all (Häkkinen et al.”
InfluentialComparison of high and moderate intensity of strength training on mood and anxiety in older adults
Tsutsumi, T., Don, B. M., Zaichkowsky, L. D., Takenaka, K., Oka, K., & Ohno, T. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.87.3.1003 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Power training for older adults
Porter, M. M. (2006) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h05-034 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“In 1980, it was thought that resistance training for older adults would only be beneficial for neural adaptations and that older muscle was unable to hypertrophy (Moritani and DeVries 1980).”
Background
- Authors
- Moritani, T., & Devries, H. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1980-09-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 672-682
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084011411
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- muscle hypertrophy, older men, resistance training, neural factors, strength gain, aging, neurophysiological adaptation, progressive resistance training
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anthropometry, Arm, Electromyography, Humans, Male, Muscles, Physical Fitness
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