Permanently Online—Always Stressed Out? The Effects of Permanent Connectedness on Stress Experiences
Open accessAbstract
Concerns have been expressed that permanent online connectedness might negatively affect media user’s stress levels. Most research has focused on negative effects of specific media usage patterns, such as media multitasking or communication load. In contrast, users’ cognitive orientation toward online content and communication has rarely been investigated. Against this backdrop, we examined whether this cognitive orientation (i.e., online vigilance with its three dimensions salience, reactibility, monitoring) is related to perceived stress at different timescales (person, day, and situation level), while accounting for the effects of multitasking and communication load. Results across three studies showed that, in addition to multitasking (but not communication load), especially the cognitive salience of online communication is positively related to stress. Our findings are discussed regarding mental health implications and the origins of stress.
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Media multitasking has been found to predict stress.
“Speci fi cally, behavior patterns like checking behavior (Kushlev & Dunn, 2015) and media multitasking, but also the cognitive salience of the online sphere, have been found to predict stress (Freytag et al., 2021; Gilbert et al., 2023).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Freytag et al., 2021
Cognitive salience of the online sphere has been found to predict stress.
“Speci fi cally, behavior patterns like checking behavior (Kushlev & Dunn, 2015) and media multitasking, but also the cognitive salience of the online sphere, have been found to predict stress (Freytag et al., 2021; Gilbert et al., 2023).”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Freytag et al., 2021
Smartphone use and the salience dimension of online vigilance predict stress.
“it has been previously shown that smartphone use (Reinecke et al., 2017; Vahedi & Saiphoo, 2018) and the salience dimension of online vigilance (Freytag et al., 2021; Gilbert et al., 2023) predict stress.”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Freytag et al., 2021
Hyperconnectivity-the permanent availability of and connectivity to peers, media content, and online services through social media-can increase stress.
“Second, several scholars contend that hyperconnectivity—the permanent availability of and connectivity to peers, media content, and online services through social media—can increase stress.17,27,28”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Freytag, A., Knop-Huelss, K., Meier, A., Reinecke, L., Hefner, D., Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P.
- Affiliations
- Hanover University of Music Drama and Media (DE)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Mannheim (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Freytag, Anna
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Communication Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-12-30
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 132-165
- ISSN
- 0360-3989 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2958
- OpenAlex
- W3113668100
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Human Communication Research (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Technostress in Professional Settings
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Keywords
- perceived stress, online vigilance, cognitive salience, online monitoring, media multitasking, communication load, mental health
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