Digital Stress over the Life Span: The Effects of Communication Load and Internet Multitasking on Perceived Stress and Psychological Health Impairments in a German Probability Sample

Reinecke, Leonard; Aufenanger, Stefan; Beutel, Manfred E.; Dreier, Michael; Quiring, Oliver; Stark, Birgit; Wölfling, Klaus; Müller, Kai W.

doi:10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832

Cited by 387Impact of Technology on AdolescentsTechnostress in Professional SettingsPersonal Information Management and User Behavior

Digital Stress over the Life Span: The Effects of Communication Load and Internet Multitasking on Perceived Stress and Psychological Health Impairments in a German Probability Sample

Reinecke, Leonard, Aufenanger, Stefan, Beutel, Manfred E., Dreier, Michael, Quiring, Oliver, Stark, Birgit, Wölfling, Klaus, Müller, Kai W.·2017·Media Psychology

DOI 10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832

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Abstract

The present study investigated the psychological health effects and motivational origins of digital stress based on a representative survey of 1,557 German Internet users between 14 and 85 years of age. Communication load resulting from private e-mails and social media messages as well as Internet multitasking were positively related to perceived stress and had significant indirect effects on burnout, depression, and anxiety. Perceived social pressure and the fear of missing out on information and social interaction were key drivers of communication load and Internet multitasking. Age significantly moderated the health effects of digital stress as well as the motivational drivers of communication load and Internet multitasking. The results, thus, underline the need to address digital stress from a life span perspective.

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The smartphone has potential to elicit stress.
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From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Reinecke et al., 2017
Smartphone use and the salience dimension of online vigilance predict stress.
“it has been previously shown that smartphone use (Reinecke et al., 2017; Vahedi & Saiphoo, 2018) and the salience dimension of online vigilance (Freytag et al., 2021; Gilbert et al., 2023) predict stress.”
From Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being (2024) · cites this paper as Reinecke et al., 2017
New communication norms and demands arising from hyperconnectivity can lead to communication overload and higher levels of stress.
“For example, new communication norms and demands arising from hyperconnectivity (e.g., the need to check or respond to social media posts constantly) can lead to communication overload and higher levels of stress.28–30”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
Hyperconnectivity-the permanent availability of and connectivity to peers, media content, and online services through social media-can increase stress.
“Second, several scholars contend that hyperconnectivity—the permanent availability of and connectivity to peers, media content, and online services through social media—can increase stress.17,27,28”
From Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators (2022) · cites this paper as [28]

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Background
Permanently on Call: The Effects of Social Pressure on Smartphone Users’ Self-Control, Need Satisfaction, and Well-Being
Halfmann, A., & Rieger, D. (2019) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
From cognitive overload to digital detox: Psychological implications of telework during the COVID-19 pandemic
Schmitt, J. B., Breuer, J., & Wulf, T. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106899 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…tools, however, are asynchronous and may lead to the experience that while working on tasks, other tasks accumulate that cannot be addressed simultaneously or swiftly or that key communication (e.g., by email or chat) may be missed (Becker, Alzahabi, & Hopwood, 2013; Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Background
Drivers and Barriers to Acceptance of Web-Based Aftercare of Patients in Inpatient Routine Care: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Hennemann, S., Beutel, M. E., & Zwerenz, R. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6003 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Also, since modern technologies increase digital load and availability [59], we were interested in the impact of stress due to constant availability (email, social media) on acceptance.”
Self-citation
The relationship between online vigilance and affective well-being in everyday life: Combining smartphone logging with experience sampling
Johannes, N., Meier, A., Reinecke, L., Ehlert, S., Setiawan, D. N., Walasek, N., Dienlin, T., Buijzen, M., & Veling, H. (2020) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2020.1768122 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“First, thoughts about the online sphere might be more bothersome than thoughts about the offline sphere, possibly because they increase the salience of social pressure for constant connectedness (Halfmann & Rieger, 2019; Reinecke et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Digital Overuse and Subjective Well-Being in a Digitized Society
Büchi, M., Festic, N., & Latzer, M. (2019) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305119886031 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“These items build on previous work on perceived norms (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2011); for instance, the communication norm or expectation that one is constantly available (Ling, 2016; Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Background
Factors mediating social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: A comparative study among Instagram and Snapchat users
Hattingh, M. J., Dhir, A., Ractham, P., Ferraris, A., & Yahiaoui, D. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122099 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Studying problems, not problematic usage: Do mobile checking habits increase procrastination and decrease well-being?
Meier, A. (2022) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579211029326 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…may explain the connection between a person’s mobile checking habit and their procrastination: (a) perceived interruptions, resulting from a notification-driven checking (e.g., Elhai et al., 2021), and (b) the urge to check, signaling a user-driven mobile checking (e.g., Reinecke et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethod
The links between healthy, problematic, and addicted Internet use regarding comorbidities and self-concept-related characteristics
Leménager, T., Hoffmann, S., Dieter, J., Reinhard, I., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.13 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…in executive functions (working memory and inhibitory control processing), increased perceived stress and depressive as well as anxiety symptoms (Cain, Leonard, Gabrieli, & Finn, 2016; Minear, Brasher, McCurdy, Lewis, & Younggren, 2013; Reinecke et al., 2017; Uncapher, Thieu, & Wagner, 2016).”
Background
Adolescent Digital Stress: Frequencies, Correlates, and Longitudinal Association With Depressive Symptoms
Nick, E. A., Kilic, Z., Nesi, J. L., Telzer, E. H., Lindquist, K. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.025 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“This is consistent with previous work describing positive correlations between aspects of digital stress and worries about inclusion and belonging on Facebook among adolescents [13] and in social groups among adults [14], and anxiety and depression among adolescents [15] and adults [16].”
Result
The Experience of Mobile Entrapment in Daily Life
Hall, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000228 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Yet, past research consistently demonstrates that when media connectivity is perceived to be uncontrollable or overwhelming, it negatively predicts well-being (Misra & Stokols, 2012 ; LaRose et al., 2014 ; Reinecke et al., 2017 ; Thomee et al., 2011 ).”
Background
The Impact of Mental Representations on ICT-Related Overload in the Use of Mobile Phones
Saunders, C., Wiener, M. J., Klett, S., & Sprenger, S. (2017) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2017.1373010 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Negative reactions include ICT-related overload and the allied concept of technostress [19, 28, 67, 83, 84, 85, 90].”
Background
Does the End Justify the Means? The Role of Organizational Communication among Work-from-Home Employees during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zito, M., Ingusci, E., Cortese, C., Giancaspro, M., Manuti, A., Molino, M., Signore, F., & Russo, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18083933 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“As technostress is linked to the risk of physical disorders [53], psychological disorders and also burnout [50], it is important to prevent possible negative outcomes.”
Background
WIRED: The impact of media and technology use on stress (cortisol) and inflammation (interleukin IL-6) in fast paced families
Afifi, T. D., Zamanzadeh, N., Harrison, K., & Acevedo Callejas, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“…of devices (i.e., portability) may extend fathers' capacity to engage in work related media such as email, but this affordance of availability and accessibility might diminish work-home boundaries and facilitate communication overload (Jarvenpaa & Lang, 2005; Reinecke et al., 2016; Schrock, 2015).”
Background
Central bank digital currency as a payment method for tourists: application of the theory of planned behavior to digital Yuan/Won/Dollar choice
Radić, A., Quan, W., Koo, B., Chua, B., Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2022) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2022.2061677 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Imagine being off-the-grid: millennials’ perceptions of digital-free travel
Floros, C., Cai, W., McKenna, B., & Ajeeb, D. (2019) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2019.1675676 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Online Health-Information Seeking Among Older Populations: Family Influences and the Role of the Medical Professional
Magsamen‐Conrad, K., Dillon, J. M., Verhoff, C. B., & Faulkner, S. L. (2018) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1439265 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Lifespan perspectives inform health communication research, in areas such as cancer communication research (Sparks, 2003), research investigating social support, physical health, and illness (Uchino, 2009), and how digital stress affects psychological health (Reinecke et al., 2016).”
Background
Perceived stress and psychological well-being of working mothers during COVID-19: a mediated moderated roles of teleworking and resilience
Kapoor, V., Yadav, J., Bajpai, L., & Srivastava, S. (2021) · Employee Relations: The International Journal · doi:10.1108/er-05-2020-0244 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Retracted
The Relationship Between Trait Procrastination, Internet Use, and Psychological Functioning: Results From a Community Sample of German Adolescents
Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Beutel, M. E., Schemer, C., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00913 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physicians’ electronic inbox work patterns and factors associated with high inbox work duration
Akbar, F., Mark, G. J., Warton, E. M., Reed, M., Prausnitz, S. R., East, J. A., Moeller, M. F., & Lieu, T. A. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa229 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The impact of smartphone use on learning effectiveness: A case study of primary school students
Wang, J. C., Hsieh, C., & Kung, S.-H. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11430-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“However, they may also be intrinsically motivated in the sense that they voluntarily use their smartphones because they feel that mobile communication meets their needs (Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Background
Permanently online and permanently procrastinating? The mediating role of Internet use for the effects of trait procrastination on psychological health and well-being
Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444816675437 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Other findings of this large-scale project with regard to the prevalence of procrastination in the German population (Beutel et al., 2016) and the effects of communication load and Internet multitasking on stress and well-being (Reinecke et al., 2016) are published elsewhere.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
How and when do mobile media demands impact well-being? Explicating the Integrative Model of Mobile Media Use and Need Experiences (IM 3 UNE)
Schneider, F. M., Lutz, S., Halfmann, A., Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2021) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579211054928 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relating Through Technology
Hall, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629935 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Private smartphone use during worktime: A diary study on the unexplored costs of integrating the work and family domains
Derks, D., Bakker, A. B., & Gorgievski, M. J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106530 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Permanently Online—Always Stressed Out? The Effects of Permanent Connectedness on Stress Experiences
Freytag, A., Knop-Huelss, K., Meier, A., Reinecke, L., Hefner, D., Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P. (2021) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqaa014 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Determinant Factors of Public Acceptance of Stress Management Apps: Survey Study
Apolinário-Hagen, J., Hennemann, S., Fritsche, L., Drüge, M., & Breil, B. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/15373 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“On the other hand, there is evidence for “digital stress” caused by online multitasking and overload (eg, [76]).”
Does internet use and adoption matter for better health outcomes in sub-Saharan African countries? New evidence from panel quantile regression
Byaro, M., Rwezaula, A. A., & Ngowi, N. (2023) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122445 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
COVID-19, Inter-household Contact and Mental Well-Being Among Older Adults in the US and the UK
Hu, Y., & Qian, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.714626 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Third, intensive digital media use can cause stress or even burnout (Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Background
Bridging the valuescape with digital technology: A mixed methods study on customers’ value creation process in the physical retail space
Nöjd, S., Trischler, J. W., Otterbring, T., Andersson, P. K., & Wästlund, E. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102161 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Toward street vending in post COVID-19 China: Social networking services information overload and switching intention
Cao, J., Liu, F., Shang, M., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Technology and Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101669 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“These characteristics are often important factors leading to information overload [84].”
When the smartphone goes offline: A factorial survey of smartphone users' experiences of mobile unavailability
Kneidinger-Müller, B. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.037 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dijital Tükenmişlik Ölçeği
Erten, P., & Özdemir, O. (2019) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · doi:10.17679/inuefd.597890 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Relationship between Cellphone Usage on the Physical and Mental Wellbeing of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Daniyal, M., Javaid, S. F., Hassan, A., & Khan, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159352 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Furthermore, several studies conducted among excessive cell phone users have validated the effects of problematic cell phone use, including digital stress [15], low self-esteem [6], worries and angers [16], loneliness [17], anxiety, depression and mood disorders [18,19].”
Background
Media Multitasking: A Bibliometric Approach and Literature Review
Beuckels, E., Ye, G., Hudders, L., & Cauberghe, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623643 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“As such, while today’s youth is exhaustively engaging in media multitasking with SNSs nowadays (Reinecke et al., 2017; GlobalWebIndex, 2019), only fewmedia multitasking studies investigated the consequences of this particular media consumption behavior so far (e.”
Background
Techno-overload and well-being of French small business owners: identifying the flipside of digital technologies
Thurik, R., Benzari, A., Fisch, C. O., Mukerjee, J., & Torrès, O. (2023) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2023.2165713 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Various studies have shown the positive associations between techno-overload and burnout in different populations: individual users (Reinecke et al. 2017), teachers (Califf and Brooks 2020), employees (Kim et al. 2015; Maier et al. 2019) and managers (Srivastava, Chandra, and Shirish 2015;…”
Background
Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators
Lee, D. S., Jiang, T., Crocker, J., & Way, B. M. (2022) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0188 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“17,27,28 30 Stress can undermine health in many ways, for example, by increasing the number and severity of somatic symptoms, 31 the probability of infection and the severity of symptoms following exposure to a cold virus, 32 and systemic inﬂam-mation.”
Relationships between role stress, professional identity, and burnout among contemporary school counselors
Maor, R., & Hemi, A. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22518 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Digital Overload among College Students: Implications for Mental Health App Use
Smith, A. C., Fowler, L. A., Graham, A. K., Jaworski, B. K., Firebaugh, M., Monterubio, G. E., Vázquez, M. M., DePietro, B., Sadeh‐Sharvit, S., Balantekin, K. N., et al. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10080279 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Times They Are A-Changin’: What Do the Expanding Uses of Travel Time Portend for Policy, Planning, and Life?
Mokhtarian, P. L. (2018) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198118798602 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fatigue, boredom and objectively measured smartphone use at work
Dora, J., van Hooff, M. L. M., Geurts, S. A. E., Kompier, M. A. J., & Bijleveld, E. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201915 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of the effects of internet use on subjective well-being
Páez, D., Delfino, G. I., Salfate, S. V., Liu, J. H., de Zúñiga, H. G., Khan, S. S., & Garaigordobil, M. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1624177 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Why Are You Running Away From Social Media?” Analysis of the Factors Influencing Social Media Fatigue: An Empirical Data Study Based on Chinese Youth
Liu, Y., & He, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674641 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“However, since other social media users prefer to present their positive selves (Reinecke et al., 2017), and to best represent their ideal selves in a way that describes themselves, youth social media users may develop negative emotions during this social comparison (Rosenberg and Egbert, 2011).”
Background
Predicting acceptance of e-mental health interventions in patients with obesity by using an extended unified theory of acceptance model: Cross-sectional study
Rentrop, V., Damerau, M., Schweda, A., Steinbach, J., Schüren, L. C., Niedergethmann, M., Skoda, E.-M., Teufel, M., & Bäuerle, A. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/31229 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Associations of technostressors at work with burnout symptoms and chronic low-grade inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis in hospital employees
Kaltenegger, H. C., Becker, L., Rohleder, N., Nowak, D., Quartucci, C., & Weigl, M. (2023) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-023-01967-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Participants’ age might have also played a role in the evaluation of technostressors, as age has been identified as an important moderator (Reinecke et al. 2017; Tams et al. 2014).”
Background
Why do we entertain ourselves with media narratives? A theory of resonance perspective on entertainment experiences
Vorderer, P., & Halfmann, A. (2019) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2019.1599298 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In this light, the above-described various options of using media to broaden one’s range, the fear of missing out on something which many users experience when they do not engage in CMC for a certain period (Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013; Reinecke et al., 2017), and ‘digital stress’ resulting from per…”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations between parental media monitoring, media use, and internalizing symptoms during adolescence.
Padilla‐Walker, L. M., Stockdale, L., & McLean, R. D. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000256 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
On the downside of mobile communication: An experimental study about the influence of setting-inconsistent pressure on employees’ emotional well-being
Lutz, S., Schneider, F. M., & Vorderer, P. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106216 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Media multitasking and implicit learning
Edwards, K. S., & Shin, M. (2017) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1319-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Interestingly, there is also evidence that frequent media multitasking behaviour is associated with psychological distress, including depression (Becker et al., 2013; Reinecke et al., 2016).”
Background
MindPhone: Mindful Reflection at Unlock Can Reduce Absentminded Smartphone Use
Terzimehić, N., Haliburton, L., Greiner, P., Schmidt, A., Hußmann, H., & Mäkelä, V. (2022) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3532106.3533575 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Overload from technology has been shown to increase perceived stress and burnout, which lead to depression and anxiety [40].”
Background
Beyond the Buzz: Investigating the Effects of a Notification-Disabling Intervention on Smartphone Behavior and Digital Well-Being
Dekker, C. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Ohme, J. (2024) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2024.2334025 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“If the resulting phone session was unplanned (Bauer et al., 2017; Lukoff et al., 2018) or when using the smartphone implies suspending valuable offline activities (e.g., Reinecke et al., 2017), spending time on the smartphone may cause dissatisfaction afterward.”
We shall endure: Exploring the impact of government information quality and partisanship on citizens' well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Alamsyah, N., & Zhu, Y. (2021) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2021.101646 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Physiological stress in response to multitasking and work interruptions: Study protocol
Becker, L., Kaltenegger, H. C., Nowak, D., Weigl, M., & Rohleder, N. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263785 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Somatic Symptoms in the German General Population from 1975 to 2013
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Henning, M., Werner, A. M., Burghardt, J., Tibubos, A. N., Schmutzer, G., & Brähler, E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58602-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Media Consumption, Stress and Wellbeing of Video Game and eSports Players in Germany: The eSports Study 2020
Rudolf, K., Soffner, M., Bickmann, P., Froböse, I., Tholl, C., Wechsler, K., & Grieben, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.665604 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“, 2019) and that so-called media multitasking has an influence on the perceived stress (Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Background
Mobile recovery? The impact of smartphone use on recovery experiences in waiting situations
Rieger, D., Hefner, D., & Vorderer, P. (2017) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157917691556 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Is life brighter when your phone is not? The efficacy of a grayscale smartphone intervention addressing digital well-being
Dekker, C. A., & Baumgartner, S. E. (2024) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579231212062 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This is in line with expectations, as it has been previously shown that smartphone use (Reinecke et al., 2017; Vahedi & Saiphoo, 2018) and the salience dimension of online vigilance (Freytag et al., 2021; Gilbert et al., 2023) predict stress.”
Situational boundary conditions of digital stress: Goal conflict and autonomy frustration make smartphone use more stressful
Gilbert, A., Baumgartner, S. E., & Reinecke, L. (2023) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579221138017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
MobileDNA: Relating Physiological Stress Measurements to Smartphone Usage to Assess the Effect of a Digital Detox
Anrijs, S., Bombeke, K., Durnez, W., Damme, K. V., Vanhaelewyn, B., Conradie, P. D., Smets, E., Cornelis, J. P., Raedt, W. D., Ponnet, K. S., et al. (2018) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92279-9_48 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
High tension lines: Negative social exchange and psychological well-being in the context of instant messaging
Tsai, H.-Y. S., Hsu, P.-J., Chang, C.-L., Huang, C.-C., Ho, H.-F., & LaRose, R. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.034 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
How Adolescents Cope with Technostress: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Schmidt, M., Frank, L., & Gimpel, H. (2021) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2021.1887696 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Combining technostress research related to organizational [2, 14, 35, 51, 52] and private ICT use [28, 29, 30, 36, 40, 64], literature holds a rich list of technostress creators.”
Background
Unmasking the bright–dark duality of social media use on psychological well-being: a large-scale longitudinal study
Lin, Y., Fu, S., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-05-2022-0320 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
To use or be used? The role of agency in social media use and well-being
Lee, A. Y., Ellison, N. B., & Hancock, J. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1123323 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In contrast, watching the same video to procrastinate unpleasant tasks or to tune out anxious thoughts may undermine well-being by preventing people from necessary and beneficial tasks, such as managing their work lives and processing their emotions adaptively (Robinson and Knobloch-Westerwick, 2016; Reinecke et al.,…”
Background
COVID-19 Information Overload and Cyber Aggression during the Pandemic Lockdown: The Mediating Role of Depression/Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Confucian Responsibility Thinking
Wang, Q., Luo, X., Tu, R., Xiao, T., & Hu, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031540 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“[5,7,15], the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the COVID-19 information overload and cyber aggression.”
Background
A survey on digital device engagement, digital stress, and coping strategies among college students in the Philippines
Giray, L., Nemeño, J., Braganaza, J., Lucero, S. M., & Bacarra, R. (2024) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2371413 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Reinecke et al. (2017) pinpointed that digital stress has been an outcome of an individual’s reaction to situational demands (e.g. emails, social media, text, rooms, and forums) in which it is constructed and relayed to subjectively challenge the receiver.”
An Investigation of the Relationship between University Students' Digital Burnout Levels and Perceived Stress Levels
Göldağ, B. (2021) · Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age · doi:10.53850/joltida.958039 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“When the conducted studies are examined; Reinecke et al. (2016) stated in their study that multiple transactions on the internet, sending, receiving and checking private e-mails and messages on social media increase the level of perceived stress of individuals.”
Background
Prospective associations of technostress at work, burnout symptoms, hair cortisol, and chronic low-grade inflammation
Kaltenegger, H. C., Marques, M. D., Becker, L., Rohleder, N., Nowak, D., Wright, B. J., & Weigl, M. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.01.222 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In the light of the profound transformation of the world of work in the age of digitalization, new forms of work-related stress emerge, that is technostress (Brod, 1982) or digital stress (Hefner and Vorderer, 2016; Reinecke et al., 2017; Wein-stein and Selman, 2016).”
Using Media While Interacting Face-to-Face Is Associated With Psychosocial Well-Being and Personality Traits
Lee, M., Murphy, K., & Andrews, G. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118770357 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Toward a Theory of HealthIT Adoption Across the Lifespan: Findings from Five Years in the Community
Magsamen‐Conrad, K., Dillon, J. M., Verhoff, C. B., & Joa, C. Y. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1563027 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…in contexts such as the development of provider and patient relationships (Sparks, 2003), the link between social support and physical health (Uchino, 2009), and the impact of digital overload on psychological health (Reinecke et al., 2016), scholarship was forwarded with real-life implications.”
Background
Digging Deeper into the Reasons for Self-Control Failure: Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations to Use Mobile Communication Shape Self-Control Processes
Halfmann, A. (2021) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2021.1968437 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“To assess availability pressure, the four items from the Social Pressure Scale (Reinecke et al., 2017) were adapted.”
Method
Differences in stress system (re-)activity between single and dual- or multitasking in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Becker, L., Kaltenegger, H. C., Nowak, D., Rohleder, N., & Weigl, M. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2022.2071323 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Connected at Sea: The Influence of the Internet and Online Communication on the Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Cruise Ship Employees
Radić, A., Ariza‐Montes, A., Hernández‐Perlines, F., & Giorgi, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082840 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Media multitasking, depression, and anxiety of college students: Serial mediating effects of attention control and negative information attentional bias
Li, S., & Fan, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989201 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“At the same time, there has been little research on how media multitasking affects anxiety and depression, most of which prioritized the mediating role of personality traits or environmental factors such as peer relationships and stress (15, 16).”
Background
The relation between media multitasking, intensity of use, and well-being in a sample of ethnically diverse emerging adults
Hatchel, T. J., Negriff, S. L., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Longitudinal In-the-Wild Investigation of Design Frictions to Prevent Smartphone Overuse
Haliburton, L., Grüning, D. J., Riedel, F., Schmidt, A., & Terzimehić, N. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642370 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Digital and Psychological Well-Being Among Technical University Students: Exploring the Impact of Digital Engagement in Higher Education
Neagu, S. N., & Vieriu, A. M. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15091192 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mental workload variations during different cognitive office tasks with social media interruptions
Doost, E. Z., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2022.2104381 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…stress system-activity (Chrousos and Gold 1992; Chrousos 2009), and SM interruption is a potential digital stressor at work such as flooding text messages or emails (Gupta, Li, and Sharda 2013; Reinecke et al. 2017; Lindstrom 2020; Hefner and Vorderer 2016; Barley, Meyerson, and Grodal 2011).”
Background
Digital stress within early adolescents’ friendships – A focus group study from Belgium
Groote, D. D., & Ouytsel, J. V. (2022) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2022.101877 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A tale of two concepts: differential temporal predictions of habitual and compulsive social media use concerning connection overload and sleep quality
Koban, K., Stević, A., & Matthes, J. (2023) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmac040 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Biological stress responses to multitasking and work interruptions: A randomized controlled trial
Becker, L., Kaltenegger, H. C., Nowak, D., Weigl, M., & Rohleder, N. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106358 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“, due to flooding text messages or emails (Barley et al., 2011; Gupta et al., 2013; Hefner and Vorderer, 2016; Lindström, 2020; Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Background
Excessive smartphone use and addiction: When harms start outweighing benefits
Larsen, H., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Su, S., & Cousijn, J. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16060 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The digital transformation in the psychology of workplace spirituality
Walter, Y. (2023) · Digital Transformation and Society · doi:10.1108/dts-01-2023-0008 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Algorithms in Digital Marketing: Does Smart Personalization Promote a Privacy Paradox?
Saura, J. R. (2024) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/23197145241276898 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This content could be unethical and, instead of offering positive rewards for users, results in negative outcomes such as stress, anxiety or fatigue from personalized digital marketing strategies (Reinecke et al., 2017).”
Daily stress and affect across adulthood: The role of social interactions via different communication modes.
Lin, X. Y., & Lachman, M. E. (2021) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000026 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Prior uses of data include the following published articles: Rickenbach et al. (2019), Robinson et al. (2016), Robinson and Lachman (2018) and Teshale and Lachman (2016).”
Method
The Chinese version of the Digital Stress Scale: Evaluation of psychometric properties
Xie, P., Mu, W., Li, Y., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03156-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Authors: Reinecke, L., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Corresponding author: Reinecke, Leonard
ORCID: Reinecke, Leonard
Aufenanger, Stefan
Beutel, Manfred E.
Dreier, Michael
Quiring, Oliver
Stark, Birgit
Wölfling, Klaus
Müller, Kai W.
Venue: Media Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2016-03
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 90-115
ISSN: 1521-3269 (ISSN-L)
1532-785X
DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832
OpenAlex: W2302492465
Cited by: 387
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 51.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Media Psychology (publishedVersion)
Funders: Forschungsschwerpunkt Medienkonvergenz [Research Center for Media Convergence] at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (not available)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Technostress in Professional Settings
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
Keywords: digital stress, communication load, perceived stress, burnout, depression, anxiety, social pressure, fear of missing out, social media, email, age differences, lifespan development, mental health

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Digital Stress over the Life Span: The Effects of Communication Load and Internet Multitasking on Perceived Stress and Psychological Health Impairments in a German Probability Sample

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