Genome-wide association and longitudinal analyses reveal genetic loci linking pubertal height growth, pubertal timing and childhood adiposity
Open accessAbstract
The pubertal height growth spurt is a distinctive feature of childhood growth reflecting both the central onset of puberty and local growth factors. Although little is known about the underlying genetics, growth variability during puberty correlates with adult risks for hormone-dependent cancer and adverse cardiometabolic health. The only gene so far associated with pubertal height growth, LIN28B, pleiotropically influences childhood growth, puberty and cancer progression, pointing to shared underlying mechanisms. To discover genetic loci influencing pubertal height and growth and to place them in context of overall growth and maturation, we performed genome-wide association meta-analyses in 18 737 European samples utilizing longitudinally collected height measurements. We found significant associations (P < 1.67 × 10(-8)) at 10 loci, including LIN28B. Five loci associated with pubertal timing, all impacting multiple aspects of growth. In particular, a novel variant correlated with expression of MAPK3, and associated both with increased prepubertal growth and earlier menarche. Another variant near ADCY3-POMC associated with increased body mass index, reduced pubertal growth and earlier puberty. Whereas epidemiological correlations suggest that early puberty marks a pathway from rapid prepubertal growth to reduced final height and adult obesity, our study shows that individual loci associating with pubertal growth have variable longitudinal growth patterns that may differ from epidemiological observations. Overall, this study uncovers part of the complex genetic architecture linking pubertal height growth, the timing of puberty and childhood obesity and provides new information to pinpoint processes linking these traits.
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A female-specific SNP in LIN28B is associated with late pubertal growth.
“Another interesting association of the study by Cousminer et al. is the identification of a female-specific SNP in LIN28B associated with late pubertal growth (23).”
From The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results (p. 4) identify rs7759938 near LIN28B as a variant associated with pubertal growth. The paper defines late pubertal growth separately in Phenotypes and study subjects (p. 11), but the retrieved passages do not establish that this LIN28B association is female-specific or specifically concerns late pubertal growth. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSNPs in genes encoding LATS2, TEAD1, YAP1, VGLL2, VGLL3, and VGLL4 are associated with body height.
“Indeed, SNPs associated with genes encoding for LATS2, TEAD1, YAP1, VGLL2, VGLL3, and VGLL4 are associated with body height (23, 57, 78, 152).”
From The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
The Discussion (p. 10) links a variant near VGLL3 to taller prepubertal stature, supporting the height association for that locus. The passages from our copy do not establish height associations for LATS2, TEAD1, YAP1, VGLL2, or VGLL4, so they do not support the full six-gene claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSNPs in YAP1 (rs11225148) and VGLL3 (rs7628864) were individually associated with shorter stature during pubertal growth in a longitudinal meta-analysis of 18,737 European individuals.
“Also, SNPs in YAP1 (rs11225148) and in VGLL3 (rs7628864) were individually associated with a shorter stature during pubertal growth in a longitudinal metaanalysis involving 18,737 European individuals (23).”
From The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
The paper states that its genome-wide meta-analyses used 18,737 European samples (p. 3), and its longitudinal results identify rs7628864 in VGLL3 (p. 7). The Discussion (p. 10) describes VGLL3 as linked to taller prepubertal stature and reduced overall pubertal height growth, rather than simply shorter stature throughout puberty. Searches for rs11225148 and YAP1 found no corresponding association in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe SNP in VGLL3 was only significantly associated with the trait in females.
“Interestingly, the SNP in VGLL3 was only significantly associated with the trait in females.”
From The Hippo signal transduction network for exercise physiologists (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Cousminer, D. L., Berry, D. J., Timpson, N. J., Ang, W., Thiering, E., Byrne, E. M., Taal, H. R., Huikari, V., Bradfield, J. P., Kerkhof, M., Groen-Blokhuis, M. M., Kreiner-Møller, E., Marinelli, M., Holst, C., Leinonen, J. T., Perry, J. R. B., Surakka, I., Pietiläinen, O., Kettunen, J., Anttila, V., Kaakinen, M., Sovio, U., Pouta, A., Das, S., Lagou, V., Power, C., Prokopenko, I., Evans, D. M., Kemp, J. P., St Pourcain, B., Ring, S., Palotie, A., Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Lehtimäki, T., Viikari, J. S., Kähönen, M., Warrington, N. M., Lye, S. J., Palmer, L. J., Tiesler, C. M. T., Flexeder, C., Montgomery, G. W., Medland, S. E., Hofman, A., Hakonarson, H., Guxens, M., Bartels, M., Salomaa, V., The ReproGen Consortium, Murabito, J. M., Kaprio, J., Sørensen, T. I. A., Ballester, F., Bisgaard, H., Boomsma, D. I., Koppelman, G. H., Grant, S. F. A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Martin, N. G., Heinrich, J., Pennell, C. E., Raitakari, O. T., Eriksson, J. G., Smith, G. D., Hyppönen, E., Järvelin, M.-R., McCarthy, M. I., Ripatti, S., Widén, E., & for the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium
- Affiliations
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FI)
- University College London (GB)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Institute of Health Sciences,
- Centre for Applied Genomics (CA)
- Department of Epidemiology,
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark,
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (ES)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health,
- University of Bristol (GB)
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- Tampere University Hospital (FI)
- Department of Medicine,
- University of Turku (FI)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (CA)
- The Generation R Study Group,
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention,
- Boston University (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Widén, Elisabeth
- ORCID
- Timpson, Nicholas J.
- Thiering, Elisabeth
- Byrne, Enda M.
- Taal, H. Rob
- Kerkhof, Marjan
- Leinonen, Jaakko T.
- Perry, John R.B.
- Surakka, Ida
- Pietiläinen, Olli
- Kettunen, Johannes
- Anttila, Verneri
- Kaakinen, Marika
- Sovio, Ulla
- Lagou, Vasiliki
- Power, Chris
- Prokopenko, Inga
- Evans, David M.
- Kemp, John P.
- Ring, Susan
- Palotie, Aarno
- Kajantie, Eero
- Osmond, Clive
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Viikari, Jorma S.
- Kähönen, Mika
- Warrington, Nicole M.
- Lye, Stephen J.
- Palmer, Lyle J.
- Flexeder, Claudia
- Montgomery, Grant W.
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Guxens, Mònica
- Bartels, Meike
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Murabito, Joanne M.
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Bisgaard, Hans
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- Koppelman, Gerard H.
- Grant, Struan F.A.
- Jaddoe, Vincent W.V.
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Heinrich, Joachim
- Pennell, Craig E.
- Raitakari, Olli T.
- Eriksson, Johan G.
- Smith, George Davey
- Hyppönen, Elina
- Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta
- McCarthy, Mark I.
- Ripatti, Samuli
- Widén, Elisabeth
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-02-27
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2735-2747
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- PMC
- PMC3674797
- OpenAlex
- W2130767371
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (068545/Z/02), FP7/2007–2013, 076467, 092731, WT083431MA, 068545, 084762MA, 090532, 092447/Z/10/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10082, NF-SI-0611-10099, NF-SI-0611-10219)
- British Heart Foundation
- European Commission
- Raine Medical Research Foundation
- ZonMw (907.00303, 2100.0074, 916.10159)
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Nierstichting (C08.2251)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (14192, 480-04-004)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Oulun Yliopisto
- Tampereen Tuberkuloosisäätiö
- Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF12OC1016374)
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala (9N035, 9M048)
- National Institutes of Health (5u01hg004423-02, 6r01hl087679-03, 5rl1mh083268-05)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP82893)
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12011/4, MC_PC_15018, MC_UU_12011/1)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (496739, 403981, 389927, 389891, 552498, 613608, 389938, 241944, 442915, 389875, 389892)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-09203, AA12502, K05AA017688, R01AA008315, R01AA012502, R01AA009203, R37AA012502, AA08315)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG041517)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5R01 HL087679-02, R01 HL087679)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH063706, RC2MH089995, RL1-MH083268, 1RL1MH083268-01, 5R01 MH63706:02)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U01-HG004423, U01HG006830)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK062418)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD056465)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- pubertal timing, childhood adiposity, puberty onset, LIN28B, ERK1, body mass index, menarche, prepubertal growth, adult height, genetic loci, linear growth, cardiometabolic risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Body Height, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Genetic Linkage, Male, Menarche, Neoplasms, Phenotype, Puberty, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, Body Mass Index, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Quantitative Trait Loci, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Adiposity, Genome-Wide Association Study, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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