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C9ORF72, implicated in amytrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, regulates endosomal trafficking
Open accessAbstract
Intronic expansion of a hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) gene is the major cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia. However, the cellular function of the C9ORF72 protein remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that C9ORF72 regulates endosomal trafficking. C9ORF72 colocalized with Rab proteins implicated in autophagy and endocytic transport: Rab1, Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 in neuronal cell lines, primary cortical neurons and human spinal cord motor neurons, consistent with previous predictions that C9ORF72 bears Rab guanine exchange factor activity. Consistent with this notion, C9ORF72 was present in the extracellular space and as cytoplasmic vesicles. Depletion of C9ORF72 using siRNA inhibited transport of Shiga toxin from the plasma membrane to Golgi apparatus, internalization of TrkB receptor and altered the ratio of autophagosome marker light chain 3 (LC3) II:LC3I, indicating that C9ORF72 regulates endocytosis and autophagy. C9ORF72 also colocalized with ubiquilin-2 and LC3-positive vesicles, and co-migrated with lysosome-stained vesicles in neuronal cell lines, providing further evidence that C9ORF72 regulates autophagy. Investigation of proteins interacting with C9ORF72 using mass spectrometry identified other proteins implicated in ALS; ubiquilin-2 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, hnRNPA2/B1 and hnRNPA1, and actin. Treatment of cells overexpressing C9ORF72 with proteasome inhibitors induced the formation of stress granules positive for hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2/B1. Immunohistochemistry of C9ORF72 ALS patient motor neurons revealed increased colocalization between C9ORF72 and Rab7 and Rab11 compared with controls, suggesting possible dysregulation of trafficking in patients bearing the C9ORF72 repeat expansion. Hence, this study identifies a role for C9ORF72 in Rab-mediated cellular trafficking.
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“Interestingly, the impaired endocytic signaling has been observed during C9ORF72 mutated conditions in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD patients as well as the SH-SY5Y cell line model, suggesting that the expression of C9ORF72 modulates endocytosis [172,173].”
From Insights of Endocytosis Signaling in Health and Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [172]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The C9orf72 protein belongs to the DENN (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells) family [143,144] and binds the GTPases RAB7 and RAB11, which are involved in endosome maturation and recycling [145].”
From Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [145]
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“Additionally, a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the ALS-causing C9ORF72 gene (DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2011; Renton et al., 2011) was reported to be involved in endocytic vesicle trafficking and autophagy likely through forming a complex with Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosome region, candidate 8 (SMCR8) and WD rep…”
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“As C9orf72 also colocalizes with several of these Rabs, it is likely to have a function in membrane trafficking [33].”
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“According to the current researches, hnRNPA1 and A2/ B1 were verified to co-localize with TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of atrophic muscle fibers [143], as well as with C9ORF72 [145], DNAJB6 [146] and SMN1 [147], respectively, in stress granules.”
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“Consistent with the prediction of its function, C9ORF72 protein was found to colocalize with Rab proteins and to be involved in endosomal trafficking and autophagy (Farg et al., 2014).”
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“In the present case, far-western analysis was used as a rapid qualitative method to probe the previously hypothesized interaction between C9orf72 and Rab proteins (Farg et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodIN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS: AN UPDATED OVERVIEW
de Gois, A. M., de Mendonça, D. M. F., Freire, M. A. M., & dos Santos, J. R. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.012 · Cited by 63
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“C9ORF72 co-localized with Rab proteins, which are implicated in autophagy and endocytic transport in human spinal motor neurons, indicating a role in Rab-mediated endosomal trafficking in ALS (Farg et al., 2014).”
BackgroundC9orf72: At the intersection of lysosome cell biology and neurodegenerative disease
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“Recently, C9ORF72 was shown to be implicated in endosomal trafficking (Farg et al., 2014), confirming its role as a DENN protein.”
BackgroundJaiswal, M. K. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Therapies · doi:10.1186/2052-8426-2-26 · Cited by 56
Structural Variants May Be a Source of Missing Heritability in sALS
Theunissen, F., Flynn, L. L., Anderton, R. S., Mastaglia, F. L., Pytte, J., Jiang, L., Hodgetts, S. I., Burns, D. K., Saunders, A. M., Fletcher, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00047 · Cited by 56
Network Analyses Reveal Novel Aspects of ALS Pathogenesis
Sanhueza, M., Chai, A., Smith, C., McCray, B. A., Simpson, T. I., Taylor, J. P., & Pennetta, G. (2015) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005107 · Cited by 53
“These data were confirmed by a recent report showing aberrant accumulation of RAB7- and RAB11-positive vesicles in post-mortem tissues of ALS patients [53].”
BackgroundResultThe Spectrum of C9orf72-mediated Neurodegeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Cooper‐Knock, J., Kirby, J., Highley, J. R., & Shaw, P. J. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0342-1 · Cited by 58
Dickson, D. W., Baker, M., Jackson, J. L., DeJesus‐Hernandez, M., Finch, N. A., Tian, S., Heckman, M. G., Pottier, C. P., Gendron, T. F., Murray, M. E., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0797-0 · Cited by 54
Liu, Y., Andreucci, A., Iwamoto, N., Yin, Y., Yang, H., Liu, F., Bulychev, A., Hu, X. S., Lin, X., Lamore, S. D., et al. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.007 · Cited by 56
The Genetics of Monogenic Frontotemporal Dementia
Takada, L. T. (2015) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642015dn93000003 · Cited by 56
Old versus New Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of ALS
Rossi, S., Cozzolino, M., & Carrı̀, M. T. (2016) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12355 · Cited by 55
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases
Quinn, C. C., & Elman, L. B. (2020) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000911 · Cited by 60
McAlpine, W., Sun, L., Wang, K.-W., Liu, A., Jain, R., Miguel, M. S., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Hayse, B., McAlpine, S. G., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1814753115 · Cited by 57
“A role for the SWC complex in autophagy (2–6) and endocytic transport (7) has been established by studies documenting defects in these processes in the absence of a single complex component.”
BackgroundWang, M., Wang, H., Tao, Z., Qin, X., Hao, Z., Prehn, J. H. M., Zhen, X., Wang, G., & Ying, Z. (2020) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13126 · Cited by 52
“…role in the regulation of endosomal trafficking and autophagy at multiple steps (Amick, Roczniak-Ferguson, & Ferguson, 2016; Corrionero & Horvitz, 2018; Farg et al., 2014; Sellier et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2018; Sullivan et al., 2016; Ugolino et al., 2016; Webster et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2016).”
Marian, O. C., Teo, J. D., Lee, J. Y., Song, H., Kwok, J. B., Landin-Romero, R., Halliday, G., & Don, A. S. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01544-7 · Cited by 50
“Physiologically, C9orf72 is required for endosomal trafficking, autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis [23, 24].”
BackgroundVatovec, S., Kovanda, A., & Rogelj, B. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.015 · Cited by 53
Edens, B. M., Miller, N., & Ma, Y. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00044 · Cited by 52
New insights into the gene expression associated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Recabarren-Leiva, D., & Alarcón, M. A. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.016 · Cited by 49
Role of Autophagy Pathway in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Genetic Neurological Disorders
Themistokleous, C., Bagnoli, E., Parulekar, R., & Muqit, M. M. K. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168144 · Cited by 51
Zhou, X., Sun, L., Brady, O. A., Murphy, K. A., & Hu, F. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0412-1 · Cited by 49
Can cannabinoids be a potential therapeutic tool in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Mazzon, E., & Giacoppo, S. (2016) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.197125 · Cited by 48
Marine Arthropods as a Source of Antimicrobial Peptides
Saucedo-Vázquez, J. P., Gushque, F., Vispo, N. S., Rodríguez, J. A., Gomezjurado, M. E. G., Alberício, F., Tellkamp, M. P., & Alexis, F. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20080501 · Cited by 48
Linking RNA Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Barmada, S. J. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0340-3 · Cited by 52
Stress Granules and ALS: A Case of Causation or Correlation?
Fernandes, N., Eshleman, N., & Buchan, J. R. (2018) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89689-2_7 · Cited by 46
The endolysosomal pathway and ALS/FTD
Todd, T. W., Shao, W., Zhang, Y., & Petrucelli, L. (2023) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.004 · Cited by 45
Prion-like mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ayers, J. I., & Cashman, N. R. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00018-0 · Cited by 44
C9orf72 isoforms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Xiao, S., MacNair, L., McLean, J. R., McGoldrick, P., McKeever, P. M., Soleimani, S., Keith, J. L., Zinman, L. H., Rogaeva, E. A., & Robertson, J. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.062 · Cited by 48
Overview of Crosstalk Between Multiple Factor of Transcytosis in Blood Brain Barrier
Tjakra, M., Wang, Y., Vania, V., Hou, Z., Durkan, C., Wang, N., & Wang, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01436 · Cited by 45
“• Endosomal rearrangement (Rabs) instability (Farg et al., 2014)”
Autophagy in motor neuron disease: Key pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Mis, M. S. C., Brajkovic, S., Frattini, E., Fonzo, A. D., & Corti, S. P. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2016.01.012 · Cited by 47
“However, the up-regulation of LC3-II, mediated by siRNA knockdown of C9ORF72, did not support the role of autophagy defect as the key pathogenic event in C9ORF72-associated pathology (Farg et al., 2014).”
Wen, X., Westergard, T., Pasinelli, P., & Trotti, D. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.007 · Cited by 45
Taskesen, E., Mishra, A., van der Sluis, S., Ferrari, R., Hernandez, D. G., Nalls, M. A., Rohrer, J. D., Ramasamy, A., Kwok, J. B., Dobson‐Stone, C., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09320-z · Cited by 41
C9orf72 is essential for neurodevelopment and motility mediated by Cyclin G1
Yeh, T., Liu, H.-F., Li, Y.-W., Lu, C.-S., Shih, H., Chiu, C., Lin, S., Huang, Y.-C., & Cheng, Y. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.002 · Cited by 51
Clayton, E. L., Milioto, C., Muralidharan, B., Norona, F. E., Edgar, J. R., Soriano, A., Jafar‐Nejad, P., Rigo, F., Collinge, J., & Isaacs, A. M. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy284 · Cited by 45
The Genetics of C9orf72 ExpansionsPreprint
Gijselinck, I., Cruts, M., & Broeckhoven, C. V. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a026757 · Cited by 43
Ruffoli, R., Bartalucci, A., Frati, A., & Fornai, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00341 · Cited by 42
“Very recently C9orf72 was described to be involved in the trafficking of autophagy vesicles (Farg et al., 2014).”
Satoh, J., Yamamoto, Y., Kitano, S., Takitani, M., Asahina, N., & Kino, Y. (2014) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.4137/jcnsd.s18103 · Cited by 44
P38α MAPK Signaling—A Robust Therapeutic Target for Rab5-Mediated Neurodegenerative Disease
Germann, U. A., & Alam, J. J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21155485 · Cited by 40
Payne, N. L., Sylvain, A., O’Brien, C., Herszfeld, D., Sun, G., & Bernard, C. C. A. (2014) · New Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.001 · Cited by 41
“The GGGCC repeat expansion in C9ORF72, which has recently been shown to play a role in endosomal trafficking [99], is the most common pathogenic mutation in ALS and results in the formation”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Farg, M. A., Sundaramoorthy, V., Sultana, J. M., Yang, S., Atkinson, R. A. K., Levina, V., Halloran, M. A., Gleeson, P. A., Blair, I. P., Soo, K. Y., King, A. E., & Atkin, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Atkin, Julie D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-02-18
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3579-3595
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- PMC
- PMC5886132
- OpenAlex
- W2102327538
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 19
- FWCI
- 38.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Motor Neurone Disease Research Institute of Australia
- La Trobe University
- University of Wollongong
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1004670, 1030513, 1006141)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- C9orf72, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, hexanucleotide repeat expansion, endosomal trafficking, Rab GTPases, autophagy, endocytosis, UBQLN2, hnRNP A1, HNRNPA2B1, stress granules, motor neurons, lysosomes, LC3, proteasome
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy-Related Proteins, C9orf72 Protein, rab7 GTP-Binding Proteins, rab11 GTP-Binding Proteins, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Animals, Biological Transport, Humans, Proteins, Endosomes, Mass Spectrometry, rab GTP-Binding Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport, Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Mice, Frontotemporal Dementia
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