Cited by 141Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGestational Diabetes Research and ManagementBirth, Development, and Health

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Maternal body mass index during early pregnancy, gestational weight gain, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: Results from a Swedish total population and discordant sibling study.

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Gardner, Renee M, Lee, Brian K, Magnusson, Cecilia, Rai, Dheeraj, Frisell, Thomas, Karlsson, Håkan, Idring, Selma, Dalman, Christina·2015·International Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/ije/dyv081PMC PMC4521130

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Prenatal environmental factors such as maternal adiposity may influence the risk of offspring autism spectrum disorders (ASD), though current evidence is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of parental BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) with risk of offspring ASD in a population-based cohort study using family-based study designs. METHODS: The cohort was based in Stockholm County, Sweden, including 333,057 individuals born 1984-2007, of whom 6420 were diagnosed with an ASD. We evaluated maternal body mass index (BMI) at first antenatal visit, GWG and paternal BMI at the time of conscription into the Swedish military as exposures using general estimating equation (GEE) models with logit link. RESULTS: At the population level, maternal overweight/obesity was associated with increased risk of offspring ASD [odds ratio (OR)25 ≤ BMI < 30 1.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.21-1.41; ORBMI ≥ 30 1.94, 1.72-2.17], as was paternal underweight (ORBMI < 18.5, 1.19, 1.06-1.33) and obesity (ORBMI ≥ 30 1.47, 1.12-1.92) in mutually adjusted models. However, in matched sibling analyses, the relationship between elevated maternal BMI and ASD risk was not apparent. GWG had a U-shaped association with offspring ASD at the population level (ORinsufficient 1.22, 1.07-1.40; ORexcessive 1.23, 1.08-1.40). Matched sibling analyses were suggestive of elevated risk with excessive GWG (ORinsufficient 1.12, 0.68-1.84; ORexcessive 1.48, 0.93-2.38). CONCLUSIONS: Whereas population-level results suggested that maternal BMI was associated with ASD, sibling analyses and paternal BMI analyses indicate that maternal BMI may also be a proxy marker for other familial risk factors. Evidence is stronger for a direct link between GWG and ASD risk.

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BackgroundResult
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BackgroundResult
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Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring’s neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wu, D., Li, Y., Chen, L., Klein, M., Franke, B., Chen, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105360 · Cited by 33
Maternal Immune Activation and Autism in Offspring: What Is the Evidence for Causation?
Gardner, R. M., Brynge, M., Sjöqvist, H., Dalman, C., & Karlsson, H. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.11.009 · Cited by 34
Maternal excessive gestational weight gain as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review
Kheirouri, S., & Alizadeh, M. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03324-w · Cited by 33
Inflammatory Conditions During Pregnancy and Risk of Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Croen, L., Ames, J., Qian, Y., Alexeeff, S., Ashwood, P., Gunderson, E. P., Wu, Y. W., Boghossian, A. S., Yolken, R. H., de Water, J. V., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.09.008 · Cited by 29
“However, other studies suggest that the strength of association between maternal obesity and ASD diminishes after adjusting for paternal BMI or in sibling study designs (67,68).”
Background
The association between pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and offspring's behavioral problems and executive functioning
Menting, M. D., van de Beek, C., de Rooij, S. R., Painter, R. C., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., & Roseboom, T. J. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.05.009 · Cited by 28
Neonatal Levels of Acute Phase Proteins and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gardner, R. M., Lee, B. K., Brynge, M., Sjöqvist, H., Dalman, C., & Karlsson, H. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.005 · Cited by 29
Effects of parental overweight and obesity on offspring’s mental health: A meta-analysis of observational studies
Zhang, S., Lin, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., & Huang, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276469 · Cited by 27
Exploring potential impacts of pregnancy-related maternal immune activation and extracellular vesicles on immune alterations observed in autism spectrum disorder
Kaminski, V. D. L., Michita, R. T., Ellwanger, J. H., Veit, T. D., Schuch, J. B., Riesgo, R. D. S., Roman, T., & Chies, J. A. B. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15593 · Cited by 29
The Relationship of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Pregnancy Weight Gain to Neurocognitive Function at Age 10 Years among Children Born Extremely Preterm
Jensen, E. T., van der Burg, J. W., O’Shea, T. M., Joseph, R. M., Allred, E. N., Heeren, T., Leviton, A., Kuban, K., Shah, B. L., Singh, R., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.02.064 · Cited by 24
“As a means of evaluating the potential for residual confounding, some studies also have examined paternal associations.(54,55) Comparing the magnitude of the association between maternal and paternal associations with neurocognitive outcomes provides the opportunity to assess whether associations observed are attribut…”
Background
Maternal adiposity and perinatal and offspring outcomes: an umbrella review
Yang, Z., Feng, G., Gao, X., Yan, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S., Jiang, Y., Zhao, S., Zhao, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01994-6 · Cited by 22
“While several studies used sibling designs to mitigate familial confounding sources 90–93 , nearly all found that this design neutralized the dose-dependent increased risk of offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with maternal BMI 92 .”
Birth Weight and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Young Men Born at Term: The Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors
Ahlqvist, V. H., Persson, M., Ortega, F. B., Tynelius, P., Magnusson, C., & Berglind, D. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.014290 · Cited by 20
“…for maternal metabolic morbidities at pregnancy (diabetes mellitus and hypertension), the prevalence of such metabolic morbidities is higher in Sweden in more recent cohorts than compared with when our data were collected, 71 which may have implications for the generalizability of our ﬁ ndings.”
Result
Maternal Levels of Cytokines in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring
Brynge, M., Gardner, R. M., Sjöqvist, H., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., & Karlsson, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.917563 · Cited by 23
“Covariates Based on previous associations with ASD, and a plausible relationship with cytokines, we considered the following covariates as potential confounders: maternal age (33), psychiatric history (34, 35), BMI (8), region of birth (36), education (34), and smoking at first antenatal visit (37), sex of fetus (31),…”
BackgroundMethod
Rates of maternal weight gain over the course of pregnancy and offspring risk of neurodevelopmental disorders
Chen, S., Fan, M., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Karlsson, H., & Gardner, R. M. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02799-6 · Cited by 23
“Though the main intention of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guideline for optimal gestational weight gain is to provide clinicians with a basis for practice [5], evidence has emerged in the past decades for an association between maternal total GWG outside of the optimal range defined by the guidelines and children’s…”
Background
Poor Dietary Quality Is Associated with Low Adherence to Gestational Weight Gain Recommendations among Women in Sweden
Augustin, H., Winkvist, A., & Bärebring, L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020317 · Cited by 21
“Similar to previous findings [27,28], insufficient GWG in our study was most common among underweight women while excessive GWG was most common among women with overweight or obesity.”
Result
Association Between Gestational Weight Gain and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Meta‐Analysis
Su, L., Chen, C., Lü, L., Xiang, A. H., Dodds, L. A., & He, K. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22966 · Cited by 20
“Findings for inadequate GWG are even more controversial (8-12,14-16).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Determinants of the self-efficacy of physical activity for maintaining weight during pregnancy: The application of the health belief model
Abdolaliyan, N., Shahnazi, H., Kzemi, A., & Hasanzadeh, A. (2017) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_175_16 · Cited by 20
“diabetes, preeclampsia, long‐term maternal diabetes,[5‐7] eclampsia, cesarean section,[8] the increased risk of fetal macrosomia, childhood obesity,[9,10] and the increased risk of autism.[11] According to an estimate”
Background
Insufficient maternal gestational weight gain and infant neurodevelopment at 12 months of age: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Motoki, N., Inaba, Y., Shibazaki, T., Misawa, Y., Ohira, S., Kanai, M., Kurita, H., Tsukahara, T., Nomiyama, T., The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group, et al. (2021) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04232-7 · Cited by 19
“A Swedish cohort study investigating the association between maternal GWG and risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) supported our findings, whereby an elevated risk of ASD was observed for both insufficient and excess GWG [30].”
Result
Associations between maternal metabolic conditions and neurodevelopmental conditions in offspring: the mediating effects of obstetric and neonatal complications
Chen, S., Wang, X., Lee, B. K., & Gardner, R. M. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03116-x · Cited by 19
Association of maternal gestational weight gain with intellectual developmental disorder in the offspring: a nationwide follow‐up study in Sweden
Lee, P., Tse, L. F., László, K., Wei, D., Yu, Y., & Li, J. (2021) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16887 · Cited by 19
Maternal early pregnancy body mass index and diurnal salivary cortisol in young adult offspring
Kumpulainen, S. M., Heinonen, K., Kaseva, N., ANDERSSON, S. M., Lano, A., Reynolds, R. M., Dieter Wolke, C., Kajantie, E., Eriksson, J. G., & Räikkönen, K. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.013 · Cited by 17
“, 2015), attention deficit hyperactivity (Gardner et al., 2015; Kong et al., 2018; Rodriguez, 2010; Rodriguez et al., 2008), conduct (Kong et al.”
Background
Bergamot Aromatherapy for Medical Office–Induced Anxiety Among Children With an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hawkins, J., Weatherby, N. L., Wrye, B. A., & Ward, K. U. (2019) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000341 · Cited by 16
Maternal Midpregnancy Leptin and Adiponectin Levels as Predictors of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Prenatal Cohort Study
Joung, K. E., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Oken, E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab378 · Cited by 14
“The association of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) with ASD in the offspring has previously been reported (5, 6).”
Background
Associations between maternal preconception and pregnancy adiposity and neuropsychiatric and behavioral outcomes in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Duko, B., Mengistu, T. S., Stacey, D., Moran, L., Tessema, G. A., Pereira, G. F., Bedaso, A., Gebremedhin, A. T., Alati, R., Ayonrinde, O. T., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116149 · Cited by 14
“(References (Andersen 2018; Brion 2011; Buss 2012; Casas 2017; Chen 2014; Connolly 2016; Daraki 2017; Dow 2022; Fuemmeler 2019; Gardner 2015; Getz 2016; Grudzinski 2019; Hendrix.”
The Microbiome–Genetics Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Probiotic Perspective
Mihailovich, M., Tolinački, M., Bajić, S. S., Leštarević, S., Pejovic-Milovancevic, M., & Golić, N. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252212407 · Cited by 16
Child Neurodevelopmental Outcomes by Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain
Kominiarek, M. A., Smid, M. C., Mele, L., Casey, B. M., Sorokin, Y., Reddy, U. M., Wapner, R. J., Thorp, J. M., Saade, G. R., Tita, A., et al. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002974 · Cited by 13
Environmental Influences on Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders with Special Emphasis on Seasonality: An Overview
Botsas, G., Koidou, E., Chatzinikolaou, K., & Grouios, G. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10121851 · Cited by 13
“Speciﬁ-cally, gestational weight gain has been associated with the risk of ASD, especially in male children [100–102].”
Background
Gestational weight gain and risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tian, Z.-X., Wan, M., Gao, Y., Wu, B., Xie, Y., Liu, J., Su, R., Tian, L.-L., & Hu, Y.-Q. (2019) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443615.2019.1676211 · Cited by 12
“Two studies (Gardner et al. 2015; Shen et al. 2018) reported complete data for GWG with normal pre-gestational BMI while Xiang et al. (2015) used the IOM recommendations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Association between prenatal and perinatal factors and the severity of clinical presentation of children with ASD: Report from the ELENA COHORT
Traver, S., Geoffray, M., Mazières, L., Geneviève, D., Michelon, C., Picot, M., & Baghdadli, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.005 · Cited by 11
Prenatal Diabetes and Obesity: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring – A Comprehensive Review
Michalczyk, J., Miłosz, A., Gesek, M., & Fornal, A. (2024) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.945087 · Cited by 9
“The study points to excessive or insufficient gestational weight gain as a risk factor for ASD [35].”
Background
Maternal body mass index in pregnancy and mental disorders in adult offspring: a record linkage study in Aberdeen, Scotland
Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Räikkönen, K., Bhattacharya, S., & Reynolds, R. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94511-y · Cited by 10
Maternal prepregnancy BMI and size at birth: race/ethnicity-stratified, within-family associations in over 500,000 siblings
Boone‐Heinonen, J., Biel, F. M., Marshall, N., & Snowden, J. M. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.04.009 · Cited by 8
Adiposity and weight gain during pregnancy associate independently with behavior of infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Walker, C. K., VandeVoort, C. A., Li, C., Chaffin, C. L., & Capitanio, J. P. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21744 · Cited by 7
“Excess GWG has also been associated with ASD (Bilder et al., 2013; Dodds et al., 2011; Gardner et al., 2015).”
Reporting of Cultural Factors in Autism Research Publications in Sweden: Application of the GAP-REACH Checklist
Engstrand, R. Z., Klang, N., Hirvikoski, T., Allodi, M. W., & Roll‐Pettersson, L. (2018) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-018-0147-3 · Cited by 7
“Other studies used a more specific term the maternal country of originwith various categorizations (Gardner et al. 2015; Idring et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2015; Zander et al. 2015; see Table 4).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Maternal levels of acute phase proteins in early pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring
Brynge, M., Gardner, R. M., Sjöqvist, H., Karlsson, H., & Dalman, C. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01907-z · Cited by 7
Placental biomarkers for the prediction of neurodevelopmental disorders
Patel, P. B., Ku, J., Uzoaru, I., & Goldstein, J. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1663960 · Cited by 6
Contribution of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain to the Increased Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder Occurrence in Offspring
Kheirouri, S., & Farazkhah, T. (2022) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342221096480 · Cited by 5
Factors associated with the development of epilepsy in very low birth weight infants
Fukao, T., Sano, F., Nemoto, A., Naito, A., Yanagisawa, T., Imai, K., Hiroma, T., Inaba, Y., Kanemura, H., Aihara, M., et al. (2023) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.12.019 · Cited by 5
[Association between overweight/obesity in parents and autism spectrum disorders in offspring].
Qiu, T., Guo, B.-B., Wang, L.-Z., Zhang, H., Xu, Y., & Jiang, X. (2018) · PubMed Central · doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.05.009 · Cited by 5
The impact of excessive maternal weight on the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring—a narrative review of clinical studies
Kacperska, M., Mizera, J., Pilecki, M. W., & Pomierny-Chamioło, L. (2024) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-024-00598-1 · Cited by 6
“…↑ risk: 25% ⬆ GWG [26] 129,733 Significantly associated with an increased risk of ASD (no association between insufficient GWG and ASD risk) [17] 333,057 Significantly associated with an increased risk of ASD (also in matched-siblings analysis) Case–control studies MOb [15] 1004 ↑ risk: 60%…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Chronic Inflammation Offers Hints About Viable Therapeutic Targets for Preeclampsia and Potentially Related Offspring Sequelae
Prasad, J. D., Steenwinckel, J. V., Gunn, A. J., Bennet, L., Korzeniewski, S. J., Gressèns, P., & Dean, J. M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312999 · Cited by 5
“While maternal stress [452,453], pre-pregnancy obesity [454–456], gestational weight gain [457], and indicators of maternal immune-activation [438,458–462] and related factors (i.e., hypertension) play key roles, the pathways to adverse pregnancy and developmental outcomes appear mediated by the…”
Pre-, Peri-, and Neonatal Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Lebanese Case-control Study.
Hajj, A., Hallit, S. R., El-Khatib, R., Haidar, S. A., Lteif, F. H. M., Hajj, L., Moudawar, M., & Khabbaz, L. R. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3
Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Youth with Other Mental Health Disorders
Varela, R. E., Vinet, E., Kamps, J. L., & Niditch, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05888-2 · Cited by 4
Examining Maternal Cardiometabolic Markers in Pregnancy on Child Emotional and Behavior Trajectories: Using Growth Curve Models on a Cohort Study
Kwok, J., Khanolainen, D. P., Speyer, L. G., Murray, A. L., Torppa, M., & Bonnie Auyeung, B. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.004 · Cited by 5
“Cohort studies (15) that measured maternal obesity as a risk factor for childhood developmental outcomes looked at either prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) (8,16 – 18) or speci ﬁ c trimesters of pregnancy (19).”
Background
Machine Learning Prediction of Autism Spectrum Disorder Through Linking Mothers’ and Children’s Electronic Health Record DataPreprint
Li, Y., Huang, Y., Yang, S. C., Shychuk, E. M., Shenkman, E. A., Bian, J., Angell, A. M., & Guo, Y. M. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.24304813 · Cited by 4
“Similarly, Gardner et al revealed that maternal obesity was associated with an increased ASD risk 43 .”
Factors in Infancy That May Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gurevitz, M., & Leisman, G. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101374 · Cited by 3
“Inﬂammation resulting from a metabolic condition could be a putative mechanism that contributes to the overall variance in ASD [54].”
Background
Maternal Eating Disorders, Body Mass Index, and Offspring Psychiatric Diagnoses
Nilsson, I. A. K., Ozsvar, J., Gissler, M., & Lavebratt, C. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40517 · Cited by 3
Sex-specific effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on neuropsychiatric development of offspring
Yang, X., Li, J., Zhu, H., Guan, S., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Gao, S., Zhao, J., Cui, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.018 · Cited by 3
Prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and susceptibility to autism‐related traits: the EARLI and HOME studies
Patti, M. A., Croen, L., Chen, A., Fallin, M. D., Khoury, J. C., Lyall, K., Newschaffer, C. J., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Schmidt, R. J., Yolton, K. A., et al. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23710 · Cited by 3
“However, it is unclear whether prepregnancy BMI modifies this association, as suggested in some studies, or if it acts as an independent risk factor [9, 13, 14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Gardner, R. M., Lee, B. K., Magnusson, C., Rai, D., Frisell, T., Karlsson, H., Idring, S., & Dalman, C.
Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Drexel University (US)
Region Stockholm (SE)
Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Gardner, Renee M
ORCID: Gardner, Renee M
Lee, Brian K
Magnusson, Cecilia
Rai, Dheeraj
Frisell, Thomas
Dalman, Christina
Venue: International Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2015-06
Volume: 44
Issue: 3
Pages: 870-883
ISSN: 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
1464-3685
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv081
PMC: PMC4521130
OpenAlex: W1902120875
Cited by: 141
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 8.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
Funders: Autism Speaks
Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap (2007-2064)
Stockholms Läns Landsting (2007008)
Vetenskapsrådet (523‐2010‐1052)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, maternal obesity, paternal BMI, prenatal environmental exposure, family risk factors
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Sweden, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Odds Ratio, Siblings, Pregnant People, Young Adult

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Maternal body mass index during early pregnancy, gestational weight gain, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: Results from a Swedish total population and discordant sibling study.

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