Association of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease with Season, Atmospheric Conditions, Air Pollution, and the Isolation of Respiratory Viruses
Abstract
We examined the relation of invasive pneumococcal disease to season, atmospheric conditions, and the rate of respiratory virus isolation in a community-wide surveillance program in Houston. Among adults, the number of cases of pneumococcal bacteremia peaked in midwinter and declined strikingly in midsummer, indicating a high degree of inverse correlation with the ambient temperature. We detected significant correlations between the occurrence of pneumococcal disease and the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (P < .001), influenza virus (P < .001), and all viruses except influenza virus (P < .001), as well as with air pollution, as measured by SO2 levels (P < .001). In contrast, the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease among infants and children was relatively more sustained from October through May, with a notable decrease in summer months; the incidence of pneumococcal disease was therefore less strongly correlated with cold weather and less closely associated with the isolation of respiratory syncitial virus or influenza virus. However, pneumococcal disease among infants and children was associated with isolation of these viruses after a 4-week lag period as well as with isolation of adenovirus and ragweed pollen counts. The finding, with regard to children, that correlations tended to be stronger for events that occurred 1 month previously than for those that occurred contemporaneously is consistent with the concept that viral or allergic events predispose to otitis media with effusion, which becomes suppurative and leads to pneumococcal bacteremia or meningitis. For adults, a more immediate predisposition to pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia because of viral infection or air pollution was suggested.
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The synergistic stimulation of type I IFN production during concurrent influenza virus and pneumococcal infection may contribute to the higher rates of disease associated with coinfection in humans.
“and suggest that this may contribute to the higher rates of disease associated with coinfection in humans.”
From Synergistic stimulation of type I interferons during influenza virus coinfection promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in mice (2011) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Kim, P. E., Musher, D. M., Glezen, W. P., Barradas, M. C. R., Nahm, W. K., & Wright, C. E.
- Affiliations
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Musher, D. M.
- ORCID
- Musher, D. M.
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 100-106
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- OpenAlex
- W2032834242
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01ai015103-024)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI15103)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumococcal bacteremia, pneumococcal pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis, seasonal variation, ambient temperature, air pollution, sulfur dioxide, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, adenovirus, ragweed pollen, viral coinfection, otitis media with effusion, infants and children, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adenoviruses, Human, Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollutants, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Orthomyxoviridae, Pneumococcal Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, Respiratory Tract Infections, Seasons, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Sulfur Dioxide, Temperature
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