Social media mindsets: a new approach to understanding social media use and psychological well-being
Open accessAbstract
Social media mindsets are the core beliefs that orient individuals’ expectations, behaviors, attributions, and goals about social media’s role in their lives. In four survey studies (N = 2,179), we show people hold distinct mindsets about the amount of agency they have over their social media use (“in control” vs. “out of control”) and the valence of its effects (“enhancing” vs. “harmful”) that are meaningfully related to psychological well-being. We develop and apply the Social Media Mindsets scale, revealing that agentic, positive mindsets are associated with better well-being and low-agency, and negative mindsets are associated with worse well-being (Studies 1, 2a, and 2b). Notably, these mindsets explained more variance in relational well-being and psychological distress than other measures (Study 3) and were related to differences in how people used social media and interpreted the time they spent on it (Studies 3 and 4). Our findings introduce a novel potential explanation for heterogeneous social media effects on well-being.
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When people exercise high agency over technologies such as social media, they believe they can control the amount and nature of their use.
“For example, when people exercise high agency over technologies such as social media, they believe they can control the amount and nature of their use [12].”
From The Role of Human Agency in Human-AI Co-Creativity (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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The Role of Human Agency in Human-AI Co-Creativity
Wu, S. H., Yang, Y., Lee, A. Y., Liebscher, A., Rapuano, K., Niederhoffer, K., & Hancock, J. T. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3803784.3816857
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lee, A. Y., & Hancock, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-11-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1083-6101 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392215427
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 35.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Stanford Office of Undergraduate Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Keywords
- psychological well-being, social media use, relational well-being, psychological distress
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