Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.

Crum, Alia J.; Salovey, Peter; Achor, Shawn

doi:10.1037/a0031201

Cited by 979Stress Responses and CortisolStress and Burnout ResearchStudent Stress and Coping

Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.

Crum, Alia J., Salovey, Peter, Achor, Shawn·2013·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0031201

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Abstract

This article describes 3 studies that explore the role of mindsets in the context of stress. In Study 1, we present data supporting the reliability and validity of an 8-item instrument, the Stress Mindset Measure (SMM), designed to assess the extent to which an individual believes that the effects of stress are either enhancing or debilitating. In Study 2, we demonstrate that stress mindsets can be altered by watching short, multimedia film clips presenting factual information biased toward defining the nature of stress in 1 of 2 ways (stress-is-enhancing vs. stress-is-debilitating). In Study 3, we demonstrate the effect of stress mindset on physiological and behavioral outcomes, showing that a stress-is-enhancing mindset is associated with moderate cortisol reactivity and high desire for feedback under stress. Together, these 3 studies suggest that stress mindset is a distinct and meaningful variable in determining the stress response.

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The 3C theory is grounded in previous theories of stress, such as the Transactional Theory, Stress Mindset Theory, and the Prosocial Classroom Model.
“The 3C theory is grounded in previous theories of stress, such as the Transactional Theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), Stress Mindset Theory (Crum et al., 2013), and the Prosocial Classroom Model (Jennings & Greenberg, 2009).”
From Teacher stress and supports, classroom practices and student outcomes in high poverty urban elementary schools (2024) · cites this paper as Crum et al., 2013
The findings are consistent with previous research indicating that SIE mindset predicted positive affect, decreased depressive symptoms, and lower negative feelings (perceived helplessness when confronting stress and negative emotions).
“These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that SIE mindset predicted positive affect, decreased depressive symptoms, and lower negative feelings (perceived helplessness when confronting stress and negative emotions) (Crum et al., 2013; Kilby and Sherman, 2016; Karampas et al., 2020).”
From ReStress mindset: An internet-delivered intervention that changes university students’ mindset about stress in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Crum et al., 2013
The findings are in line with previous research indicating that SIE mindset is positively correlated with increased life satisfaction and positive ways of perceiving stress (self-efficacy when confronting stress).
“These findings are in line with previous research indicating that SIE mindset is positively correlated with increased life satisfaction, and positive ways of perceiving stress (self-efficacy when confronting stress) (Crum et al., 2013; Karampas et al., 2020).”
From ReStress mindset: An internet-delivered intervention that changes university students’ mindset about stress in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Crum et al., 2013
Stress mindset is related to perceived health and life satisfaction over and above the effects of amounts of stress, stress appraisals, and coping strategies.
“Furthermore, research suggests that stress mindset is related to perceived health and life satisfaction over and above the effects of amounts of stress, stress appraisals, and coping strategies (Crum et al., 2013).”
From ReStress mindset: An internet-delivered intervention that changes university students’ mindset about stress in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Crum et al., 2013
Stress mindset influences the stress response.
“There is mounting evidence that mindset influences not only intelligence (Dweck, 2008) and aging (Levy and Myers, 2004), but also the stress response (Crum et al., 2013).”
From ReStress mindset: An internet-delivered intervention that changes university students’ mindset about stress in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Crum et al., 2013

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Authors: Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
ORCID: Crum, Alia J.
Salovey, Peter
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2013-04
Volume: 104
Issue: 4
Pages: 716-733
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/a0031201
OpenAlex: W2102772752
Semantic Scholar: 581f51b9f5d447acc8d8553ad278d1087965941b
Cited by: 979
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 101 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 11.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Keywords: stress mindset, stress response, cortisol response, mindset change
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Arousal, Character, Communication, Defense Mechanisms, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Job Satisfaction, Judgment, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Problem Solving, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Set, Psychology, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Resilience, Psychological

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Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.

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