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Consumer and Object Experience in the Internet of Things: An Assemblage Theory Approach
Abstract
The consumer Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to revolutionize consumer experience. Because consumers can actively interact with smart objects, the traditional, human-centric conceptualization of consumer experience as consumers’ internal subjective responses to branded objects may not be sufficient to conceptualize consumer experience in the IoT. Smart objects possess their own unique capacities and their own kinds of experiences in interaction with the consumer and each other. A conceptual framework based on assemblage theory and object-oriented ontology details how consumer experience and object experience emerge in the IoT. This conceptualization is anchored in the context of consumer-object assemblages, and defines consumer experience by its emergent properties, capacities, and agentic and communal roles expressed in interaction. Four specific consumer experience assemblages emerge: enabling experiences, comprising agentic self-extension and communal self-expansion, and constraining experiences, comprising agentic self-restriction and communal self-reduction. A parallel conceptualization of the construct of object experience argues that it can be accessed by consumers through object-oriented anthropomorphism, a nonhuman-centric approach to evaluating the expressive roles objects play in interaction. Directions for future research are derived, and consumer researchers are invited to join a dialogue about the important themes underlying our framework.
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“IoT may impose constraints and restrictions on consumer journeys (Hoffman and Novak 2018; Novak and Hoffman 2019).”
From A strategic framework for artificial intelligence in marketing (2021) · cites this paper as Hoffman and Novak 2018
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Thompson, C. J. (2024) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/14705931241245589 · Cited by 6
“…turn in CCT that would eventually give rise to a preponderance of path breaking studies steeped in actor-network theory (Epp and Price, 2010; Hoffman and Novak, 2017), assemblage theory (Canniford and Bajde, 2016) and Foucauldian perspectives (Roux and Belk, 2019; Shankar et al., 2006;…”
Strategizing human-robot role matrix: balancing automation and human touch
Jin, D., Fang, Y., & Zou, Y. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2025.2509675 · Cited by 5
Zhang, G., Liu, Y., Cheng, M., & Du, M. (2025) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2024-1921 · Cited by 5
Huang, S., Zhou, Y., Isleem, H. F., Tejani, G. G., & Ragab, A. E. (2025) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2025.101797 · Cited by 5
Servicescape design: an assemblage framework conceptualizing managerial vision and its execution
Valentini, T., & Roederer, C. (2026) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-04-2025-0258 · Cited by 5
Service-Dominant Logic in the AI Era
Vargo, S. L., Wieland, H., & Akaka, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/10946705261430147 · Cited by 8
“Hoffman and Novak (2018) note a growing adoption of assemblage theory and actor-network theory (ANT) in consumer culture, marketing, and “consumption” research.”
InfluentialTransacting with Strangers in a Digital World
Shen, J. (., Malter, A. J., & Rindfleisch, A. (2020) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146720951629 · Cited by 5
“Looking forward, the strangers we exchange with in the more distant future are likely to be non-human in nature, as an increasing array of transactions will be provided by artificial intelligence agents such as robots (Hoffman and Novak 2018).”
BackgroundA Study of Customer Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence Technology
Choi, Y. (2023) · International Journal of E-Business Research · doi:10.4018/ijebr.323796 · Cited by 8
“AI-based technology differs from SST in that it can function independently, regardless of user awareness of AI behavior (Hoffman & Novak, 2017).”
BackgroundJust one screen is not enough: Social TV role to Brazilian fans of Major League Soccer
Moura, B. M., Leão, A. L. M. D. S., da Silva, E. P., & dos Santos, G. M. A. (2023) · Sport Business and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/sbm-06-2021-0068 · Cited by 5
Transcendence up for sale: cracking the onto-existential codes for Übermensch
Hong, S. (2023) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2023.2234293 · Cited by 5
“Ho ff man and Novak (2018) provide a recent framework based on object-oriented ontology to diagnose the current state of consumer experiences with technology (i.e. Internet of Things).”
BackgroundLambert, A., & Wickström, A. R. S. (2024) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2024.2439846 · Cited by 8
“Some scholarship notes that digital technologies facilitate a more liquid (Bardhi and Eckhardt 2017) and connective (Belk 2013) relationship with consumption, which emancipates the consumer from the constraints of social or geographical boundaries (Hoffman and Novak 2018).”
L’imagerie mentale : un levier de valorisation d’une offre intangible?
Abaidi, I., Agrebi, S., Nasr, I. B., & Cottet, P. (2020) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/0767370119911847 · Cited by 5
La plataformización del consumo: algoritmos y desimbolización
Viñas, M. B. (2023) · Revista Española de Sociología · doi:10.22325/fes/res.2023.172 · Cited by 5
Leading the Future of Marketing
Rust, R. T. (2017) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2017.03.001 · Cited by 5
Vana, P., Kopalle, P. K., Pachigolla, P., & Carlson, K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4692101 · Cited by 5
Dias, E. J. P., Filho, E. J. M. A., & da Costa, E. M. S. (2025) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.70048 · Cited by 4
“It posits that individuals with limited prior experience, when engaging with multifunctional technologies in public, are more prone to embarrassment and shame due to heightened insecurity and fear of judgment (Han et al. 2009; Hoffman and Novak 2018).”
Tunca, S., & Balcıoğlu, Y. S. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104530 · Cited by 6
Wang, S. (2025) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-06-2025-0809 · Cited by 4
Du, Y., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2601075 · Cited by 4
“…combination of the user and the generative AI (communal orientation), whereas self-extension involves the user enabling his or her self-iden-tity concept to enlarge into the identity concept of the overall combination of the user and the generative AI (agentic orientation) (Hoffman and Novak 2018).”
InfluentialRe-imagining CCT for crisis times: Theorizing collaborative consumer culture
Arnould, E. J., & Thompson, C. J. (2026) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-026-01157-1 · Cited by 5
An update of service-dominant logic: Extending the systems turn
Vargo, S. L., & Wieland, H. (2026) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-026-01159-z · Cited by 5
Helmy, Y., Ashraf, M., & Abdelhamid, L. (2024) · International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness · doi:10.1007/s42943-024-00103-8 · Cited by 4
“This promotes the growth of e -commerce transactions (Hoffman and Novak, 2018).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoffman, Donna L
- Venue
- Journal of Consumer Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-10-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1178-1204
- ISSN
- 0093-5301 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5277
- OpenAlex
- W3124255990
- Cited by
- 668
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 66.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consumer Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, customer experience, assemblage theory, object-oriented ontology, smart objects
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