Assessment of human vitamin C status
Abstract
Since no reliable functional markers of human vitamin C status have been demonstrated, determination of vitamin C levels in blood plasma and/or leukocytes remains the current choice for individual and population assessments. Newer analytical techniques, especially high-performance liquid chromatography, allow determination of reduced (ascorbic acid), oxidized (dehydroascorbic acid), or total amounts of vitamin C in biological specimens or foods. Plasma levels of vitamin C forms are easily determined but may not reflect tissue content as well as leukocyte levels. The vitamin C content of leukocyte cell types varies severalfold and, unlike plasma, leukocytes may contain an appreciable fraction of dehydroascorbic acid. The effects of sex, age, cigarette smoking, drugs, and physiological factors on vitamin C levels are better known for plasma than leukocytes. To realize the potential of leukocytes as measures of vitamin C status, continued work is needed in standardizing the methodology and interpretive guidelines and simplifying the technique for blood processing. The search for specific functional markers of vitamin C deficiency should continue. Candidate markers may involve pathways of carnitine or collagen metabolism, immunocompetence, or antioxidant defense.
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Vitamin C levels in plasma or serum are not a true reflection of tissue content or leukocyte levels.
“Although vitamin C levels in plasma or serum are easily determined, they are not a true reflection of tissue content or leukocyte levels [17,24].”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Calcium ascorbate EC has been shown in clinical studies to have a longer retention (up to 24 h) in immune cells (leukocytes).
“This form of vitamin C has a neutral pH (nonacidic) and has been shown in clinical studies to have a longer retention (up to 24 h) in immune cells (leukocytes) [15,16,17].”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Jacob, R. A.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jacob, Robert A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-11
- Volume
- 120
- Pages
- 1480-1485
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1851396728
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- vitamin C status, vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, plasma vitamin C, HPLC, cigarette smoking, antioxidant defense, collagen metabolism, carnitine metabolism, immunocompetence
- MeSH terms
- Ascorbic Acid, Humans, Leukocytes, Nutritional Status, Nutrition Assessment
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