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Hormonal and Signaling Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Open accessAbstract
Amino acids (AAs), especially BCAAs, play pivotal roles in hormonal secretion and action as well as in intracellular signaling. There is emerging data showing that BCAAs regulate gene transcription and translation. Signaling proteins such as the mammalian target of rapamycin act as sensors of BCAAs, especially leucine, to modulate anabolic action. AAs stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown in skeletal muscle and liver. The specific role of BCAAs in regulating synthesis and breakdown of individual protein or proteins with common function or functions remains to be defined. Future studies should also focus on potential adverse effects of BCAAs on insulin sensitivity, renal function, and tumor growth. It also remains to be determined whether potential adverse effects of BCAA supplementation is similar in people of different age groups.
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Branched-chain amino acids have a predominant role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis.
“the branched-chain amino acids have been highlighted for their predominant role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis [218, 219].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [219]
The sections “BCAA regulation of transcription and translation” and “BCAAs as regulators of protein metabolism” describe BCAAs, particularly leucine, as signals involved in protein synthesis. But the latter section also reports that acute infusion of leucine or BCAAs did not stimulate the measured rate of muscle protein synthesis in humans. The unqualified claim that their role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis is predominant overstates what this paper establishes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlanine and glutamine can act as hormone secretagogues and regulate release of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, glucagon, and growth hormone.
“In addition to their roles as metabolic substrates for gluconeogenesis, alanine and glutamine, the major amino acids released by skeletal muscle, can also act as hormone secretagogues and regulate the release of insulin, insulin‐like growth factor 1, glucagon, and growth hormone (Nair & Short, 2005).”
From Exercise‐induced α‐ketoglutaric acid stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through OXGR1‐dependent adrenal activation (2020) · cites this paper as Nair & Short, 2005
The “BCAAs as hormone secretagogues” section says amino acids can stimulate release of the four named hormones and specifically identifies alanine as stimulating glucagon release, while having minimal effect on insulin in the cited dog experiments. It does not establish that alanine and glutamine each regulate release of all four hormones; glutamine appears only in a figure caption’s list of amino acids. The passages also do not establish that these two are the major amino acids released by skeletal muscle. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cites
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“…addition to their roles as metabolic substrates for gluconeogenesis, alanine and glutamine, the major amino acids released by skeletal muscle, can also act as hormone secretagogues and regulate the release of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, glucagon, and growth hormone (Nair & Short, 2005).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nair, K. S., & Short, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nair, K. Sreekumaran
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1547S-1552S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1936523075
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Clinic (RR00585)
- U.S. Public Health Service
- National Institute on Aging (R01‐AG09531, R01AG009531)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK41973, R01DK041973)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00 585, M01RR000585)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- branched-chain amino acids, leucine, mTOR signaling, hormonal regulation, gene transcription, protein synthesis, protein degradation, skeletal muscle, liver, insulin sensitivity, renal function, tumor growth, BCAA supplementation, adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amino Acids, Branched-Chain, Glucose, Hormones, Humans, Male, Proteins, Signal Transduction, Muscle, Skeletal
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