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Effects of Transparency on the Perceived Trustworthiness of a Government Organization: Evidence from an Online Experiment
Open accessAbstract
Although the effect of government transparency on trust is heavily debated, our theoretical and empirical understanding of this relationship is still limited. The basic assumption tested in this article is whether transparency leads to higher levels of perceived trustworthiness. This article uses theories from social psychology to advance our understanding of the effects and mechanism of the relationship between transparency and the perceived trustworthiness of a government organization. Based on these theories, we propose two alternative hypotheses: (1) the general predisposition to trust government, and (2) prior knowledge about the specific issue moderates the relationship between transparency and trust. These assumptions are tested by online experimental research, which demonstrates that these factors indeed affect the relationship between transparency and perceived trustworthiness: changes in perceived competence occur mainly in the group of citizens with high trust and little knowledge, whereas changes in perceived benevolence occur predominantly in the group of citizens with low knowledge and low trust. These findings highlight that prior knowledge and general predisposition to trust should be incorporated in our theoretical models of the relationship between transparency and perceived trustworthiness.
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“For instance, Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer (2014) used air pollution maps to probe transparency and found that they did have an effect on some citizens (particularly less knowledgeable and less trusting citizens) but not on others.”
From Latent transparency and trust in government: Unexpected findings from two survey experiments (2020) · cites this paper as Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer (2014)
In the citing paper
“Effects appear to be contingent on policy domain (de Fine Licht, 2014), prior attitudes (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014), and even presentation format (Porumbescu et al., 2017).”
From Latent transparency and trust in government: Unexpected findings from two survey experiments (2020) · cites this paper as Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014
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“They also confirm the previous observation that when competence emerges as significant, it tends to be accompanied by one or more of the normative dimensions, rather than emerging on its own (Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer 2014; Meško and Tankebe 2014).”
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Experience with Digital Tools in Different Types of e-Participation
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“Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer (2014) are quoted as saying they did not determine there to be a positive relationship between transparency and perceived trustworthiness.”
BackgroundGrimmelikhuijsen, S., Weske, U., Bouwman, R., & Tummers, L. (2017) · Experiments in Public Management Research · doi:10.1017/9781316676912.014 · Cited by 31
“Also Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer (2014) show how different types of citizens are affected differently by transparency.”
InfluentialSelf-citationConceptualising Trust in E-Participation Contexts
Scherer, S., & Wimmer, M. A. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44914-1_6 · Cited by 31
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“Email: h.j.m.ruijer@uu.nl link is not as straightforward (Brandsma, 2012, Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014).”
BackgroundPortes, A., N’Goala, G., & Cases, A.-S. (2020) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570720973548 · Cited by 26
“Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer (2012), in organizational theory, add a notion of contextual-ization by showing that transparency does not imply disclosing all information in an exhaustive manner but rather such information as is relevant, at the right time.”
BackgroundPorumbescu, G. A. (2013) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/1944-2866.poi346 · Cited by 26
Public Participation and Trust in Government: The Case of the Korean Financial Regulatory Agency
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“The relationship between transparency and trust in government has been well documented in the literature on public administration and management (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014; May & Wood, 2003; Pautz & Wamsley, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodAntecedents of Relationship Conflict in Cross-Functional Project Teams
Huo, X., Zhang, L., & Guo, H. (2016) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1177/875697281604700505 · Cited by 26
“A project team is a complex relationship project team. Some skills or abilities, such as team learning ability and social skills, help the individual work more smoothly. Neuman & Wright (1999) Putnam & Folger (1988) Ferris, Davidson, & Perrewé (2005)”
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Bækgaard, M., & Serritzlew, S. (2018) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2018.1461152 · Cited by 25
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Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Aleksovska, M., van Erp, J., Gilad, S., Maman, L., Bach, T., Kappler, M., Dooren, W. V., Schomaker, R., & Salomonsen, H. H. (2024) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muae018 · Cited by 30
Self-citationEnhancing Trust Between PPP Partners: The Role of Contractual Functions and Information Transparency
Cheng, M., Liu, G., Xu, Y., et al. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211038245 · Cited by 24
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“But the development of the new public management has once again stimulated the attention devoted to government transparency (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014).”
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“…of public services [38] Inequality [37] Communal participation [37] Political participation [37] Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer [10] Transparency [10] Factors of perceived trustworthiness of government Coleman & Gotze [6] rules for “trusted facilitation” of online engagement in policy…”
BackgroundThe Role of Authentic (vs. Hubristic) Pride in Leveraging the Effectiveness of Cost Transparency
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“In the context of the firm, it is defined as the level of information revealed about internal processes and performance (Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer 2012).”
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“Following the approach mobilized by other scholars, including Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer (2014), the global evaluation of PT thanks to this scale can be regarded as a relevant proxy for trust in government.”
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Hong, H. (2014) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.01.011 · Cited by 23
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“…of interactional justice which addresses quality of the treatment individuals receive by authorities and, specifically, the extent to which individuals affected by decisions from authorities are treated respectfully and with dignity (see Bies, 2005; Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer, 2012; Tyler, 2003).”
Cicatiello, L., Simone, E. D., & Gaeta, G. L. (2016) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399716666356 · Cited by 25
“A number of articles have empirically investigated this linkage (Bauhr & Grimes, 2014; de Fine Licht, 2014; Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014; Grimmelikhuijsen, Porumbescu, Hong, & Im, 2013; Tolbert & Mossberger, 2006; Welch, Hinnant, & Moon, 2005).”
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“However, generally, trust in government re fl ects an individual ’ s perception of government competence, integrity, and goodwill (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014).”
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“While researchers have examined various aspects of public perceptions of government, such as trust in government (Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer 2014; Porumbescu 2017), subjective performance measures (Boyne et al. 2006), and bureaucratic reputations (Lee and Van Ryzin 2019; Overman, Busuioc, and Wood…”
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Girdhar, S., & Jeppesen, K. K. (2017) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/aaaj-11-2015-2311 · Cited by 19
“Transparency may be defined as “the availability of information about an organization or actor allowing external actors to monitor the internal workings or performance of that organization” (Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer, 2012, p. 139).”
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“…on organizational transparency has examined issues such as how or whether an organization’s transparency is linked to legitimacy and public trust in government (for example, Curtin and Meijer 2006; Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer 2012; Grimmelikhuijsen et al. 2013; Welch, Hinnant, and Moon 2005).”
BackgroundProactive disclosure of public information: legislative choice worldwide
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ResultStivas, D., & Cole, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Contemporary European Studies · doi:10.1080/14782804.2023.2193733 · Cited by 18
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“These dimensions are competence, honesty, and benevolence (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2012).”
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“Transparency can be defined as “the availability of information about an organization or actor allowing external actors to monitor the internal workings or performance of that organization“ [29].”
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“This avenue of research is especially timely given that scholars continue to debate how much transparency is optimal in public organisations, while many policymakers sign up enthusiastically to its benefits (e.g., Hood 2007; Hood and Heald 2006; Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer 2014).”
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Rodrigues, K. F. (2020) · Cadernos EBAPE BR · doi:10.1590/1679-395173192 · Cited by 14
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DISCLOSURE-BASED GOVERNANCE FOR CLIMATE ENGINEERING RESEARCHPreprint
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Schnell, S. (2022) · Perspectives on Public Management and Governance · doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvac010 · Cited by 14
Ouattara, E., Steenvoorden, E. H., & van der Meer, T. (2023) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edad015 · Cited by 16
“The extent to which transparency itself contributes to trust is, however, debated (compare Jennings, 1998, p. 232; Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014).”
BackgroundAbdelzadeh, A., & Sedelius, T. (2024) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12531 · Cited by 13
“…reliable and delivered by a competent and honest communicator who provides transparent, accurate, objective and comprehensive information (Abu ‐ Akel et al., 2021; Cook et al., 2010; Crepaz & Arikan, 2021; Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014; Grimmelikhuijsen, 2012; Renn & Levine, 1991, p. 179).”
BackgroundTransparency, Policy Outcomes, and Incumbent Support
Aguiar‐Conraria, L., Magalhães, P. C., & Veiga, F. J. (2019) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/kykl.12203 · Cited by 12
Smart monitoring of the criminal justice system
van Dijk, J., Kalidien, S., & Choenni, S. (2016) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2015.11.005 · Cited by 13
Kanol, D. (2017) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2017.1303882 · Cited by 13
“…have found a null effect; the evidence is mixed at best (see Bauhr & Grimes, 2014; Cook, Jacobs, & Kim, 2010; de Fine Licht, 2011, 2014a; de Fine Licht, et al., 2014; Grimmelikhuijsen, 2009, 2010, 2012; Grimmelikhuijsen, Porumbescu, Hong, & Im, 2013; Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014; Worthy, 2010).”
Portes, A., N’Goala, G., & Cases, A.-S. (2020) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/0767370120935734 · Cited by 12
Luthfi, A., & Janssen, M. (2019) · International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology · doi:10.18517/ijaseit.9.3.8846 · Cited by 22
“In the domain of the government, digital transformation is intended on how the government can provide new services and help changes the business model using the available dataset [19].”
MethodDisclosing transparency: A review of B2B marketing and supply chain research
Nawaz, R. R., & Wagner, R. (2024) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.11.011 · Cited by 22
Managing Algorithms for Public Value
Selten, F., & Meijer, A. J. (2021) · International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age · doi:10.4018/ijpada.20210101.oa9 · Cited by 24
“To accomplish this, transparency of policy outcomes and effects is important (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHansen, F. G. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2021.23 · Cited by 12
Local governance quality and law compliance: The case of Mozambican firms
Berkel, H., Estmann, C., & Rand, J. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105942 · Cited by 18
Monitoring digital election campaigns: Assessing the transparency ecosystem in the United Kingdom
Dommett, K., & Power, S. (2023) · Politics · doi:10.1177/02633957231156084 · Cited by 13
Algorithm Registers: A Box-Ticking Exercise or Meaningful Tool for Transparency?
Nieuwenhuizen, E. (2024) · Information Polity · doi:10.1177/15701255241297107 · Cited by 20
“…the implications of algorithm registers show a nuanced reality: arguments of both transparency optimists and pessimists find support to an extent, aligning with earlier research that emphasizes transparency is not a silver bullet in fostering citizen trust (Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer, 2014).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., & Meijer, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 137-157
- ISSN
- 1053-1858 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9803
- OpenAlex
- W2137678636
- Cited by
- 678
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 78.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.library.uu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › E-Government and Public Services
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Social Sciences › Law › Administrative Law and Governance
- Keywords
- government transparency, perceived trustworthiness, public trust in government, perceived competence, perceived benevolence, prior knowledge, public trust, government organizations
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