CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: Molecular components, their diversity and evolution
Open accessAbstract
Cyanobacteria have evolved an extremely effective single-cell CO(2) concentrating mechanism (CCM). Recent molecular, biochemical and physiological studies have significantly extended current knowledge about the genes and protein components of this system and how they operate to elevate CO(2) around Rubisco during photosynthesis. The CCM components include at least four modes of active inorganic carbon uptake, including two bicarbonate transporters and two CO(2) uptake systems associated with the operation of specialized NDH-1 complexes. All these uptake systems serve to accumulate HCO(3)(-) in the cytosol of the cell, which is subsequently used by the Rubisco-containing carboxysome protein micro-compartment within the cell to elevate CO(2) around Rubisco. A specialized carbonic anhydrase is also generally present in this compartment. The recent availability of at least nine cyanobacterial genomes has made it possible to begin to undertake comparative genomics of the CCM in cyanobacteria. Analyses have revealed a number of surprising findings. Firstly, cyanobacteria have evolved two types of carboxysomes, correlated with the form of Rubisco present (Form 1A and 1B). Secondly, the two HCO(3)(-) and CO(2) transport systems are distributed variably, with some cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus marinus species) appearing to lack CO(2) uptake systems entirely. Finally, there are multiple carbonic anhydrases in many cyanobacteria, but, surprisingly, several cyanobacterial genomes appear to lack any identifiable CA genes. A pathway for the evolution of CCM components is suggested.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Photoautotrophs possess carbon-concentrating mechanisms that enable them to increase the concentration of CO2 inside their cells to as much as three orders of magnitude greater than in the extracellular environment.
“Photoautotrophs possess carbon-concentrating mechanisms that enable them to increase the concentration of CO 2 inside their cells to as much as three orders of magnitude greater than in the extracellular environment [105,106].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [106]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 · Cited by 64,617 · see citing works
The RDP (Ribosomal Database Project)
Maidak, B. L., Olsen, G. J., Larsen, N. E., Overbeek, R., McCaughey, M. J., & Woese, C. R. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.1.109 · Cited by 2,018 · see citing works
GEOCARB II; a revised model of atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time
Berner, R. A. (1994) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.294.1.56 · Cited by 1,693 · see citing works
The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria
(1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0227-8 · Cited by 1,429 · see citing works
Prochlorococcus , a Marine Photosynthetic Prokaryote of Global Significance
Partensky, F., Hess, W. R., & Vaulot, D. (1999) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.63.1.106-127.1999 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Physiology and molecular phylogeny of coexisting Prochlorococcus ecotypes
Moore, L. R., Rocap, G., & Chisholm, S. W. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30965 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
CO<sub>2</sub> CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC MICROORGANISMS
Kaplan, A., & Reinhold, L. (1999) · Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.539 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases
Smith, K. S., & Ferry, J. G. (2000) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00546.x · Cited by 677 · see citing works
ABC transporters: physiology, structure and mechanism – an overview
Higgins, C. F. (2001) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0923-2508(01)01193-7 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Tracing the Thread of Plastid Diversity through the Tapestry of Life
Delwiche, C. F. (1999) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303291 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Universal trees based on large combined protein sequence data sets
Brown, J. R., Douady, C. J., Italia, M. J., Marshall, W. E., & Stanhope, M. J. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/90129 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Microbial ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase: A different perspective
Tabita, F. R. (1999) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006211417981 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Buick, R. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.11536492 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Bobik, T. A., Havemann, G. D., Busch, R. J., Williams, D. S., & Aldrich, H. C. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.19.5967-5975.1999 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Friedrich, T., & Scheide, D. (2000) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01867-6 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Evolution and diversity of CO 2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria
Badger, M. R., Hanson, D., & Price, G. D. (2002) · Australian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1071/pp01213 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation
Urbach, E., Robertson, D. L., & Chisholm, S. W. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/355267a0 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Genes Essential to Sodium-dependent Bicarbonate Transport in Cyanobacteria
Shibata, M., Katoh, H., Sonoda, M., Ohkawa, H., Shimoyama, M., Fukuzawa, H., Kaplan, A., & Ogawa, T. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112468200 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
SOMETHING FROM ALMOST NOTHING: Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Chemoautotrophs
Shively, J., van Keulen, G., & Meijer, W. G. (1998) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.191 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Shibata, M., Ohkawa, H., Kaneko, T., Fukuzawa, H., Tabata, S., Kaplan, A., & Ogawa, T. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191258298 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Price, G. D., & Badger, M. R. (1989) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.91.2.505 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationOmata, T., Price, G. D., Badger, M. R., Okamura, M., Gohta, S., & Ogawa, T. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13571 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationKofoid, E., Rappleye, C. A., Stojiljković, I., & Roth, J. R. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.17.5317-5329.1999 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Urbach, E., Scanlan, D. J., Distel, D. L., et al. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006294 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Modeling atmospheric O2 over Phanerozoic time
Berner, R. A. (2001) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00572-x · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Honda, D., Yokota, A., & Sugiyama, J. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006517 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Horizontal gene transfer among microbial genomes: new insights from complete genome analysis
Eisen, J. A. (2000) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00143-x · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Price, G. D., Coleman, J. R., & Badger, M. R. (1992) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.100.2.784 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationChlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
Tomitani, A., Okada, K., Miyashita, H., Matthijs, H. C. P., Ohno, T., & Tanaka, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22101 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Microcompartments in Prokaryotes: Carboxysomes and Related Polyhedra
Cannon, G. C., Bradburne, C. E., Aldrich, H. C., Baker, S. H., Heinhorst, S., & Shively, J. (2001) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.67.12.5351-5361.2001 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Fukuzawa, H., Suzuki, E., Komukai, Y., & Miyachi, S. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.10.4437 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
The CO2 concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria and microalgae
Badger, M. R., & Price, G. D. (1992) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.1992.840416.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationMaeda, S., Badger, M. R., & Price, G. D. (2002) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02753.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo Types of Functionally Distinct NAD(P)H Dehydrogenases inSynechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803
Ohkawa, H., Pakrasi, H. B., & Ogawa, T. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m003706200 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Price, G. D., Sültemeyer, D. F., Klughammer, B., Ludwig, M. L., & Badger, M. R. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1139/b98-081 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationA phylogenomic approach to microbial evolution
Sicheritz‐Pontén, T. (2001) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/29.2.545 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The photosynthetic apparatus of Prochlorococcus: Insights through comparative genomics
Hess, W. R., Rocap, G., Ting, C. S., Larimer, F. W., Stilwagen, S. A., Lamerdin, J. E., & Chisholm, S. W. (2001) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1023/a:1013835924610 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Nature of the Inorganic Carbon Species Actively Taken Up by the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis
Volokita, M., Zenvirth, D., Kaplan, A., & Reinhold, L. (1984) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.76.3.599 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
McKay, R. M. L., Gibbs, S. P., & Espie, G. S. (1993) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00244259 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A model for inorganic carbon fluxes and photosynthesis in cyanobacterial carboxysomes
Reinhold, L., Kosloff, R., & Kaplan, A. (1991) · Canadian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1139/b91-126 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Electron Microscopy of the Carboxysomes (Polyhedral Bodies) of Thiobacillus neapolitanus
Shively, J., Ball, F. L., & Kline, B. W. (1973) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.116.3.1405-1411.1973 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Ogawa, T. (1992) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.99.4.1604 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Omata, T., Gohta, S., Takahashi, Y., Harano, Y., & Maeda, S.-I. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.6.1891-1898.2001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Soltes-Rak, E., Mulligan, M. E., & Coleman, J. R. (1997) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.179.3.769-774.1997 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ohkawa, H., Price, G. D., Badger, M. R., & Ogawa, T. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.9.2591-2596.2000 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationKlughammer, B., Sültemeyer, D. F., Badger, M. R., & Price, G. D. (1999) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01457.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationSustained net CO2 evolution during photosynthesis by marine microorganism
Tchernov, D., Hassidim, M., Luz, B., Sukenik, A., Reinhold, L., & Kaplan, A. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00330-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Omata, T., & Ogawa, T. (1986) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.80.2.525 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Marcus rate theory applied to enzymatic proton transfer
Silverman, D. N. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00061-x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Yu, J.-W., Price, G. D., Song, L., & Badger, M. R. (1992) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.100.2.794 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationSo, A. K.-C., & Espie, G. S. (1998) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1023/a:1005959200390 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Omata, T. (1991) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078059 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Shibata, M., Ohkawa, H., Katoh, H., Shimoyama, M., & Ogawa, T. (2002) · Australian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1071/pp01188 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Reddy, K. J., Masamoto, K., Sherman, D. M., et al. (1989) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.171.6.3486-3493.1989 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Shively, J., Bradburne, C. E., Aldrich, H. C., Bobik, T. A., Mehlman, J. L., Jin, S., & Baker, S. H. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1139/b98-088 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Carboxysome genomics: a status report
Cannon, G. C., Heinhorst, S., Bradburne, C. E., & Shively, J. (2002) · Australian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1071/pp01200 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Localization of NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803
Ohkawa, H., Sonoda, M., Shibata, M., & Ogawa, T. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.16.4938-4939.2001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Inorganic Carbon Fluxes and Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria — A Quantitative Model
Reinhold, L., Zviman, M., & Kaplan, A. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_62 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
S�ltemeyer, D. F., Price, G. D., Yu, J., et al. (1995) · Planta · doi:10.1007/bf00191566 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Structural and Kinetic Characterization of an Archaeal β-Class Carbonic Anhydrase
Smith, K. S., Cosper, N. J., Stålhandske, C., Scott, R. A., & Ferry, J. G. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.23.6605-6613.2000 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Espie, G. S., & Kandasamy, R. A. (1994) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.104.4.1419 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The role of marine biota in the evolution of terrestrial biota: Gases and genes
Raven, J. A. (1997) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1005855528289 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Electron microscopic studies of carboxysomes of Thiobacillus neapolitanus
Holthuijzen, Y. A., van Breemen, J. F. L., Konings, W. N., & Bruggen, E. F. J. V. (1986) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00410959 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Molecular Biology of Cyanelles
Löffelhardt, W., & Bohnert, H. J. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0227-8_4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ancient atmospheric CO2 and the timing of evolution of secondary endosymbioses
Lee, R. E., & Kugrens, P. (2000) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-2-167.1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Badger MR, Andrews TJ, Whitney SM, Ludwig M, Yellowlees DC, Leggat W, Price GD. 1998. The diversity and co-evolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids and chloroplast-based CCMs in the algae. Canadian Journal of Botany 76, 1052±1071.
- Ludwig M, Su È ltemeyer D, Price GD. 2000. Isolation of ccmKLMN genes from the marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 (Cyanobacteria), and evidence that CcmM is essential for carboxysome assembly. Journal of Phycology 36, 1109±1118.
- Maeda S, Price GD, Badger MR, Enomoto C, Omata T. 2000. Bicarbonate binding activity of the cmpA protein of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 is involved in active transport of bicarbonate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 20551±20555.
- Maeda SI, Omata T. 1997. Substrate-binding lipoprotein of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 involved in the transport of nitrate and nitrite. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 3036±3041.
- Raven JA. 1997a. Putting the C back into phycology. European Journal of Phycology 32, 319±333.
- Shively JM, Vankeulen G, Meijer WG. 1998b. Something from almost nothingÐcarbon dioxide ®xation in chemoautotrophs. Annual Review of Microbiology 52, 191±230.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Comparing Photosynthetic and Photovoltaic Efficiencies and Recognizing the Potential for Improvement
Blankenship, R. E., Tiede, D. M., Barber, J., Brudvig, G. W., Fleming, G., Ghirardi, M., Gunner, M. R., Junge, W., Kramer, D. M., Melis, A., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200165 · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144052 · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Ecological Aspects of the Distribution of Different Autotrophic CO <sub>2</sub> Fixation Pathways
Berg, I. A. (2011) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02473-10 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Markou, G., & Georgakakis, D. (2011) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.042 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Fu, F., Warner, M. E., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., & Hutchins, D. A. (2007) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00355.x · Cited by 418 · see citing works
LEVITAN, O., ROSENBERG, G., SETLIK, I., SETLIKOVA, E., GRIGEL, J., KLEPETAR, J., PRASIL, O., & BERMAN‐FRANK, I. (2007) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01314.x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Bahn, Y.-S., Cox, G. M., Perfect, J. R., & Heitman, J. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.047 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The roles of carbonic anhydrases in photosynthetic CO2 concentrating mechanisms
Badger, M. (2003) · Photosynthesis Research · doi:10.1023/a:1025821717773 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects
Power, I., McCutcheon, J., Harrison, A., Wilson, S., Dipple, G., Kelly, S., Southam, C., & Southam, G. (2014) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min4020399 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Efficient CO2 capture from the air for high microalgal biomass production by a bicarbonate Pool
Zhu, C., Zhai, X., Xi, Y., Wang, J., Kong, F., Zhao, Y., & Chi, Z. (2020) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2019.12.023 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation and Engineering for Increased Carbon Fixation in Cyanobacteria
Durall, C., & Lindblad, P. (2015) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.07.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Blombach, B., & Takors, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2015.00108 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A systems approach for CO2 fixation from flue gas by microalgae—theory review
Kroumov, A. D., Módenes, A. N., Trigueros, D. E. G., Espinoza-Quiñones, F. R., Borba, C. E., Scheufele, F. B., & Hinterholz, C. L. (2016) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.019 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Riding, R. (2011) · Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_63 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Inorganic Carbon Assimilation in Cyanobacteria: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Engineering
Hagemann, M., Song, S., & Brouwer, E. (2021) · Cyanobacteria Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/9783527824908.ch1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Domingues, R. B., Guerra, C. C., Barbosa, A. B., Brotas, V., & Galvão, H. M. (2014) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt135 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Altered Carbon Partitioning Enhances CO2 to Terpene Conversion in Cyanobacteria
Li, M., Long, B., Dai, S. Y., Golden, J. W., Wang, X., & Yuan, J. S. (2022) · BioDesign Research · doi:10.34133/2022/9897425 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Enzyme co-localisation: Mechanisms and benefits
Kondrat, S., Krauss, U., & von Lieres, E. (2022) · Current Research in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.crchbi.2022.100031 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sengupta, S., Sahasrabuddhe, D., & Wangikar, P. P. (2022) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107816 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Badger, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Badger, M. R.
- ORCID
- Badger, M. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Botany
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-02-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 383
- Pages
- 609-622
- ISSN
- 0022-0957 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2431
- OpenAlex
- W2138289353
- Cited by
- 841
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 10.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Botany (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Enzyme function and inhibition
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Metalloenzymes and iron-sulfur proteins
- Keywords
- CO2-concentrating mechanism, cyanobacteria, bicarbonate transporters, NDH-1 complex, carboxysomes, Rubisco, carbonic anhydrase, photosynthesis, comparative genomics, Prochlorococcus marinus
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Cyanobacteria, Bicarbonates, Carbon Dioxide, Carbonic Anhydrases, Models, Biological, NADH Dehydrogenase, Phylogeny, Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Evolution, Molecular, Genomics, Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporters, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
