The mass–concentration–redshift relation of cold dark matter haloes
Open accessAbstract
We use the Millennium Simulation series to investigate the mass and redshift dependence of the concentration of equilibrium cold dark matter (CDM) haloes. We extend earlier work on the relation between halo mass profiles and assembly histories to show how the latter may be used to predict concentrations for haloes of all masses and at any redshift. Our results clarify the link between concentration and the ‘collapse redshift’ of a halo as well as why concentration depends on mass and redshift solely through the dimensionless ‘peak height’ mass parameter, ν(M, z) = δcrit(z)/σ(M, z). We combine these results with analytic mass accretion histories to extrapolate the c(M, z) relations to mass regimes difficult to reach through direct simulation. Our model predicts that, at given z, c(M) should deviate systematically from a simple power law at high masses, where concentrations approach a constant value, and at low masses, where concentrations are substantially lower than expected from extrapolating published empirical fits. This correction may reduce the expected self-annihilation boost factor from substructure by about one order of magnitude. The model also reproduces the c(M, z) dependence on cosmological parameters reported in earlier work and thus provides a simple and robust account of the relation between cosmology and the mass–concentration–redshift relation of CDM haloes.
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The high concentration inferred by such studies is in tension with theoretical expectations from cosmological simulations, which predict a mean concentration of ∼9 and a 68 percentile range of ∼[7,12].
“that is in tension with theoretical expectations based on cosmological simulations, which predict a mean concentration of ∼ 9 and a 68 percentile range of ∼ [7 , 12]”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Ludlow et al. 2014
Section 4.1 reports simulation-based median halo concentrations and 25th–75th percentile ranges; Section 4.4 discusses predicted concentrations that depend on halo mass and cosmology. Neither passage gives a mean of ∼9 or a 68-percentile range of ∼[7,12], so the numerical expectation attributed to this paper is not supported by our copy. The cited passages also do not assess whether the inferred concentration is in tension with those expectations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“…Kafle et al. 2014; McMillan 2017; Monari et al. 2018; Lin & Li 2019), that is in tension with theoretical expectations based on cosmological simulations, which predict a mean concentration of ∼10 and a 68 percentile range of ∼[6, 10] (Ludlow et al. 2014; Hellwing et al. 2016; Klypin et al. 2016).”
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- Authors
- Ludlow, A. D., Navarro, J. F., Angulo, R. E., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Springel, V., Frenk, C., & White, S. D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (ES)
- Joint Space Science Institute (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Durham University (GB)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ludlow, Aaron D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-04-25
- Volume
- 441
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 378-388
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2017904678
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 13.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/I00162X/1, ST/F002300/1, ST/F002289/1, ST/I001166/1, ST/H008519/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- concentration-mass relation, cold dark matter haloes, halo concentration, redshift dependence, halo assembly history, mass accretion history, Millennium Simulation, dark matter substructure
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