The mass of the Milky Way from satellite dynamics
Open accessAbstract
We present and apply a method to infer the mass of the Milky Way (MW) by comparing the dynamics of MW satellites to those of model satellites in the eagle cosmological hydrodynamics simulations. A distribution function (DF) for galactic satellites is constructed from eagle using specific angular momentum and specific energy, which are scaled so as to be independent of host halo mass. In this two-dimensional space, the orbital properties of satellite galaxies vary according to the host halo mass. The halo mass can be inferred by calculating the likelihood that the observed satellite population is drawn from this DF. Our method is robustly calibrated on mock eagle systems. We validate it by applying it to the completely independent suite of 30 auriga high-resolution simulations of MW-like galaxies: the method accurately recovers their true mass and associated uncertainties. We then apply it to 10 classical satellites of the MW with six-dimensional phase-space measurements, including updated proper motions from the Gaia satellite. The mass of the MW is estimated to be $M_{200}^{\rm {MW}}=1.17_{-0.15}^{+0.21}\times 10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ (68 per cent confidence limits). We combine our total mass estimate with recent mass estimates in the inner regions of the Galaxy to infer an inner dark matter (DM) mass fraction $M^\rm {DM}(\lt 20~\rm {kpc})/M^\rm {DM}_{200}=0.12$, which is typical of ${\sim }10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ lambda cold dark matter haloes in hydrodynamical galaxy formation simulations. Assuming a Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW) profile, this is equivalent to a halo concentration of $c_{200}^{\rm {MW}}=10.9^{+2.6}_{-2.0}$.
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The Callingham et al. (2019) total mass estimate is M_total_200,MW = (1.17 ± 0.18)×10^12 M⊙.
“we make use of the total mass estimate of Callingham et al. (2019), M total 200 , MW = (1 . 17 ± 0 . 18) × 10 12 M ⊙ .”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. 2019
The Abstract and Section 4 give the same central estimate, 1.17 × 10^12 M⊙, for the Milky Way halo mass. They report asymmetric 68% confidence limits of +0.21 and −0.15 × 10^12 M⊙, not the symmetric ±0.18 quoted in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCurrent measurements at 200 kpc are not accurate enough to distinguish the models; the Callingham et al. 2019 mass measurement has a 15% uncertainty which translates into a 7.5% error in Vcirc.
“Current measurements at that distance are not yet accurate enough, since, for example, the Callingham et al. 2019 mass measurement has a 15% uncertainty which translates into a 7 . 5% error in V circ .”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. 2019
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Callingham et al. (2019) total mass estimate is inferred under the assumption of spherical symmetry, with deviations accounted for in the uncertainties, and is unlikely to bias our model estimates.
“However, we have used only one measurement at such distances, the Callingham et al. (2019) total mass estimate, which is inferred under the assumption of spherical symmetry, with deviations from this assumption being accounted for in the uncertainties and, thus, unlikely to bias our model estimates.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. (2019)
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) explicitly assumes a spherically symmetric NFW halo for the mass inference. Sections 3.2 and 4.3 discuss calibrated uncertainties and halo-to-halo scatter, but do not establish that deviations from spherical symmetry are specifically accounted for in those uncertainties. The conclusion about bias in the citing authors’ model is their own inference, not a finding tested by Callingham et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent estimates of the total mass of the Milky Way still range within about a factor of two, reflecting systematics in many of the methods used to infer it.
“However, recent estimates of the total mass of the MW still range within about a factor of two (see e.g. Figure 7 in Callingham et al. 2019), reflecting systematics in many of the methods used to infer it”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. 2019
Callingham et al. infer the mass by comparing the observed energy and angular momentum distribution of the classical MW satellites with the predictions of hydrodynamical simulations.
“These authors infer the mass by comparing the observed energy and angular momentum distribution of the classical MW satellites with the predictions of hydrodynamical simulations.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. 2019
The Callingham et al. result has advantages: the method had been thoroughly tested with multiple hydrodynamic simulations; it makes use of the dynamics of satellites whose extended radial distribution directly constrains the total mass; and it makes use of the latest Gaia DR2 proper motion measurements for the classical dwarfs.
“we choose the Callingham et al. result since it has several advantages compared to other studies: i) the method had been thoroughly tested with multiple hydrodynamic simulations, ii) it makes use of the dynamics of satellites whose extended radial distribution directly constrains the total mass of the system, and iii) it makes use of the latest Gaia DR2 proper motion measurements for the classical”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. 2019
This estimate is in good agreement with the recent estimate by Callingham et al. (2019).
“which is in good agreement with the recent estimate by Callingham et al. (2019, vertical dashed line).”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. 2019
The contracted NFW halo model matches well the Eilers et al. (2019) and Callingham et al. (2019) measurements used for fitting.
“Figure 10 shows that the contracted NFW halo model matches well the Eilers et al. (2019) and Callingham et al. (2019) measurements, which were the ones used for the fitting procedure.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. (2019)
The inferred total mass is in good agreement with the Callingham et al. (2019) measurement and other mass determinations.
“in good agreement with the Callingham et al. (2019) measurement as well as other mass determinations”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. (2019)
The inferred total mass is roughly the same if the Callingham et al. data point is removed, although with somewhat larger uncertainties; the determination may thus be seen as a largely independent constraint on the MW total mass.
“While our method uses the Callingham et al. (2019) total mass measurement as one of the data points to which we fit our model, we infer roughly the same total mass if we remove the Callingham et al. data point (although with somewhat larger uncertainties). Our determination may thus be seen as a largely independent constraint on the MW total mass.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Callingham et al. (2019)
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Hellwing, W. A., Frenk, C. S., Cautun, M., Bose, S., Helly, J., Jenkins, A., Sawala, T., & Cytowski, M. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw214 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE MASS DISTRIBUTION AND ASSEMBLY OF THE MILKY WAY FROM THE PROPERTIES OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS
Busha, M. T., Marshall, P. J., Wechsler, R. H., Klypin, A. A., & Primack, J. R. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/743/1/40 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Planes of satellite galaxies: when exceptions are the rule
Cautun, M., Bose, S., Frenk, C. S., Guo, Q., Han, J., Hellwing, W. A., Sawala, T., & Wang, W. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1557 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationNot too big, not too small: the dark haloes of the dwarf spheroidals in the Milky Way
Vera-Ciro, C. A., Helmi, A., Starkenburg, E., & Breddels, M. A. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts148 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Fritz, T. K., Battaglia, G., Pawlowski, M. S., et al. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1805.00908 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
0 The Orbit of the Orphan StreamPreprint
Newberg, H. J., Willett, B. A., Yanny, B., & Xu, Y. (2016) · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Dipping our toes in the water: first models of GD-1 as a stream
Bowden, A., Belokurov, V. A., & Evans, N. W. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv285 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sohn, S. T., Watkins, L. L., Fardal, M. A., van der Marel, R. P., Deason, A. J., Besla, G., & Bellini, A. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacd0b · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationBroken degeneracies: the rotation curve and velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way haloPreprint
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V. A., Evans, N. W., & An, J. (2012) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationNew Mass Estimators For Tracer Populations
Evans, N. W., Wilkinson, M. I., Perrett, K. M., & Bridges, T. J. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/345400 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Milky Way mass constraints from the Galactic satellite gap
Cautun, M., Frenk, C. S., van de Weygaert, R., Hellwing, W. A., & Jones, B. J. T. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1849 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationThe multiplicity and anisotropy of galactic satellite accretion
Shao, S., Cautun, M., Frenk, C. S., Grand, R. J. J., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., & Simpson, C. M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty343 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationThe orbital ellipticity of satellite galaxies and the mass of the Milky Way
Barber, C., Starkenburg, E., Navarro, J. F., McConnachie, A. W., & Fattahi, A. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1959 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Imprint of Cosmic Reionization on the Luminosity Function of Galaxies
Bose, S., Deason, A. J., & Frenk, C. S. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacbc4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationA centrally heated dark halo for our Galaxy
Cole, D. R., & Binney, J. J. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2775 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Aurigaia: mock Gaia DR2 stellar catalogues from the auriga cosmological simulations
Grand, R. J. J., Helly, J. C., Fattahi, A., Cautun, M., Cole, S., Cooper, A. P., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Gómez, F. A., Hunt, J. D., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2403 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationBailing out the Milky Way: variation in the properties of massive dwarfs among galaxy-sized systems
Purcell, C. W., & Zentner, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/12/007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Estimating the Mass of the Milky Way Using the Ensemble of Classical Satellite Galaxies
Patel, E., Besla, G., Mandel, K. S., & Sohn, S. T. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab78f · Cited by 56 · see citing works
BAYESIAN MASS ESTIMATES OF THE MILKY WAY: THE DARK AND LIGHT SIDES OF PARAMETER ASSUMPTIONS
Eadie, G. M., & Harris, W. E. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/829/2/108 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Patel, E., Besla, G., & Mandel, K. S. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx698 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Constraining the Milky Way mass with hypervelocity stars
Fragione, G., & Loeb, A. (2017) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2017.03.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Joint constraints on the Galactic dark matter halo and GC from hypervelocity stars
Rossi, E. M., Marchetti, T., Cacciato, M., Kuiack, M., & Sari, R. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx098 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Subhalo statistics of galactic haloes: beyond the resolution limit
Cautun, M., Hellwing, W. A., van de Weygaert, R., Frenk, C. S., Jones, B. J. T., & Sawala, T. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1829 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationSATELLITES IN MILKY-WAY-LIKE HOSTS: ENVIRONMENT DEPENDENCE AND CLOSE PAIRS
González, R. E., Kravtsov, A. V., & Gnedin, N. Y. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/96 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
ESTIMATING THE GALACTIC MASS PROFILE IN THE PRESENCE OF INCOMPLETE DATA
Eadie, G. M., Harris, W. E., & Widrow, L. M. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/806/1/54 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evolution of LMC/M33-mass dwarf galaxies in the eagle simulation
Shao, S., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., & Theuns, T. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1470 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationPROPER MOTION OF THE LEO II DWARF GALAXY BASED ON HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING* †
Piatek, S., Pryor, C. P., & Olszewski, E. W. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/166 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The tangential velocity excess of the Milky Way satellites
Cautun, M., & Frenk, C. S. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx025 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling the Milky Way’s globular cluster system
Binney, J. J., & Wong, L. K. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx234 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The orbital PDF: general inference of the gravitational potential from steady-state tracers
Han, J., Wang, W., Cole, S., & Frenk, C. S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2707 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat to expect from dynamical modelling of galactic haloes – II. The spherical Jeans equation
Wang, W., Han, J., Cole, S., More, S., Frenk, C. S., & Schaller, M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty706 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationDetermination of Dark Matter Halo Mass from Dynamics of Satellite Galaxies
Li, Z.-Z., Jing, Y. P., Qian, Y.-Z., Yuan, Z., & Zhao, D.-H. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa94c0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Han, J., Wang, W., Cole, S., & Frenk, C. S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2522 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat galaxy masses perturb the local cosmic expansion?
Peñarrubia, J., & Fattahi, A. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx323 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
What to expect from dynamical modelling of galactic haloes
Wang, W., Han, J., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., & Sawala, T. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1334 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Substructure on Mass Estimates of Galaxies
Yencho, B. M., Johnston, K. V., Bullock, J. S., & Rhode, K. L. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/502619 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Effect of Substructure on Mass Estimates of Galaxies
Yencho, B. M., Johnston, K. V., Bullock, J. S., & Rhode, K. L. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“To deal with this, we make use of the total mass estimate of Callingham et al. (2019b), M total200,MW = (1.17± 0.18)× 1012 M .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
Self-citationConstraints on Dark Matter Properties from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
Nadler, E. O., Drlica-Wagner, A., Bechtol, K., Mau, S., Wechsler, R. H., Gluscevic, V., Boddy, K. K., Pace, A. B., Li, T. S., McNanna, M., et al. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.091101 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Nadler, E. O., Wechsler, R. H., Bechtol, K., Mao, Y.-Y., Green, G. M., Drlica-Wagner, A., McNanna, M., Mau, S., Pace, A. B., Simon, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab846a · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Constraints on Dark Matter Microphysics from the Milky Way Satellite Population
Nadler, E. O., Gluscevic, V., Boddy, K. K., & Wechsler, R. H. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1eb2 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Dark matter local density determination: recent observations and future prospects
de Salas, P. F., & Widmark, A. (2021) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ac24e7 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Overview of the DESI Milky Way Survey
Cooper, A. P., Koposov, S. E., Prieto, C. A., Manser, C. J., Kizhuprakkat, N., Myers, A. D., Dey, A. T., Gänsicke, B. T., Li, T. S., Rockosi, C. M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb3c0 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationBattaglia, G., Taibi, S., Thomas, G. F., & Fritz, T. K. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141528 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Dark Matter Haloes and Subhaloes
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Self-citationWang, W., Han, J., Cautun, M., Li, Z., & Ishigaki, M. N. (2020) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-019-1541-6 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationRotation Curve of the Milky Way and the Dark Matter Density
Sofue, Y. (2020) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies8020037 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Nadler, E. O., Birrer, S., Gilman, D., Wechsler, R. H., Du, X., Benson, A., Nierenberg, A. M., & Treu, T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf9a3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The dark matter profile of the Milky Way inferred from its circular velocity curve
Ou, X., Eilers, A., Necib, L., & Frebel, A. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae034 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Proper Motions, Orbits, and Tidal Influences of Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
Pace, A. B., Erkal, D., & Li, T. S. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac997b · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Deep Search for Decaying Dark Matter with XMM-Newton Blank-Sky Observations
Foster, J. W., Kongsore, M., Dessert, C., Park, Y., Rodd, N. L., Cranmer, K. S., & Safdi, B. R. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.051101 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Enzi, W., Murgia, R., Newton, O., Vegetti, S., Frenk, C. S., Viel, M., Cautun, M., Fassnacht, C. D., Auger, M. W., Despali, G., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1960 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationThe local high-velocity tail and the Galactic escape speed
Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz623 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationGrand, R. J. J., van de Voort, F., Zjupa, J., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Kauffmann, G., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Springel, V., & White, S. D. M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2928 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationThe chemo-dynamical groups of Galactic globular clusters
Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Grand, R. J. J., & Marinacci, F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1145 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling the Connection between Subhalos and Satellites in Milky Way–like Systems
Nadler, E. O., Mao, Y.-Y., Green, G. M., & Wechsler, R. H. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab040e · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
Deason, A. J., Erkal, D., Belokurov, V. A., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Pakmor, R., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Yang, C., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3984 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationGalactic Archaeology with Gaia
Deason, A. J., & Belokurov, V. A. (2024) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101706 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationEngler, C., Pillepich, A., Pasquali, A., Nelson, D., Rodríguez-Gómez, V., Chua, K. T. E., Grebel, E. K., Springel, V., Marinacci, F., Weinberger, R., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2437 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationAblimit, I., Zhao, G., Flynn, C., & Bird, S. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8d45 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Milky Way and Andromeda analogues from the TNG50 simulation
Pillepich, A., Sotillo-Ramos, D., Ramesh, R., Nelson, D., Engler, C., Rodríguez-Gómez, V., Fournier, M., Donnari, M., Springel, V., & Hernquist, L. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2165 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Luminosity Functions and Host-to-host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
Carlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Peter, A. H. G., Beaton, R. L., & Greco, J. P. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd039 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Milky Way dynamics in light of Gaia
Hunt, J. D., & Vasiliev, E. (2025) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101721 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Constraining the Milky Way Mass Profile with Phase-space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
Li, Z.-Z., Qian, Y.-Z., Han, J., Li, T. S., Wang, W., & Jing, Y. P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab84f0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationDeason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Frenk, C. S., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Garrison-Kimmel, S., Simpson, C. M., & Navarro, J. F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1711 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSohn, S. T., Patel, E., Fardal, M. A., Besla, G., van der Marel, R. P., Geha, M., & Guhathakurta, P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaf49 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
SEGUE-2: Old Milky Way Stars Near and Far
Rockosi, C. M., Lee, Y. S., Morrison, H., Yanny, B., Johnson, J. A., Lucatello, S., Sobeck, J. S., Beers, T. C., Prieto, C. A., An, D., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac5323 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass
Nadler, E. O., Mansfield, P., Wang, Y., Du, X., Adhikari, S., Banerjee, A., Benson, A., Darragh-Ford, E., Mao, Y.-Y., Wagner-Carena, S., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb68c · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Microarcsecond Astrometry: Science Highlights from Gaia
Brown, A. G. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112320-035628 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The mass of our Galaxy from satellite proper motions in the Gaia era
Fritz, T. K., Cintio, A. D., Battaglia, G., Brook, C. B., & Taibi, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1040 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Exploring the Sgr–Milky Way–disk Interaction Using High-resolution N-body Simulations
Bennett, M., Bovy, J., & Hunt, J. D. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5021 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Strong Dark Matter Self-interactions Diversify Halo Populations within and surrounding the Milky Way
Yang, D., Nadler, E. O., & Yu, H.-B. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc73e · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Grand, R. J. J., Deason, A. J., White, S. D. M., Simpson, C. M., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz092 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationFont, A. S., McCarthy, I. G., & Belokurov, V. A. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1332 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Milky Way’s plane of satellites is consistent with ΛCDM
Sawala, T., Cautun, M., Frenk, C. S., Helly, J. C., Jasche, J., Jenkins, A. R., Johansson, P. H., Lavaux, G., McAlpine, S., & Schaller, M. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01856-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution of galactic planes of satellites in the eagle simulation
Shao, S., Cautun, M., & Frenk, C. S. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1741 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBose, S., Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V. A., & Frenk, C. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1199 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationA robust estimate of the Milky Way mass from rotation curve data
Karukes, E., Benito, M., Fabio Iocco, A., Trotta, R., & Geringer-Sameth, A. (2019) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bird, S., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Flynn, C., Shen, J., Wang, J., Yang, C., Zhai, M., Ling, Z., Zhao, G., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2036 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Milky Way total mass derived by rotation curve and globular cluster kinematics from Gaia EDR3
Wang, J., Hammer, F., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3258 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
Riley, A. H., Fattahi, A., Pace, A. B., Strigari, L. E., Frenk, C. S., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., Navarro, J. F., Pakmor, R., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz973 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Souza, R., & Bell, E. F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac404 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The aftermath of the Great Collision between our Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud
Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., & McAlpine, S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3084 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMau, S., Nadler, E. O., Wechsler, R. H., Drlica-Wagner, A., Bechtol, K., Green, G. M., Dragan Huterer, A., Li, T. S., Mao, Y.-Y., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6e65 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
How unusual is the Milky Way’s assembly history?
Evans, T. A., Fattahi, A., Deason, A. J., & Frenk, C. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2202 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Local Group Mass in the Light of Gaia
Benisty, D., Vasiliev, E., Evans, N. W., Davis, A.-C., Hartl, O. V., & Strigari, L. E. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac5c42 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A comparative study of satellite galaxies in Milky Way-like galaxies from HSC, DECaLS, and SDSS
Wang, W., Takada, M., Li, X., Carlsten, S. G., Lan, T.-W., Shi, J., Miyatake, H., More, S., Beaton, R. L., Lupton, R. H., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3495 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationA self-consistent dynamical model of the Milky Way disc adjusted toGaiadata
Robin, A. C., Bienaymé, O., Salomon, J.-B., Reylé, C., Lagarde, N., Figueras, F., Mor, R., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., & Montillaud, J. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243686 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dark matter searches by the planned gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400
Egorov, A. E., Topchiev, N. P., Galper, A. M., Dalkarov, O. D., Leonov, A. A., Suchkov, S. I., & Yurkin, Y. T. (2020) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/049 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Koppelman, H. H., & Helmi, A. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038777 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Palau, C. G., & Miralda‐Escudé, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1930 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Self-citationCirelli, M., Струмиа, А., & Zupan, J. (2026) · doi:10.21468/scipostphysrev.1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Modern Estimates of the Mass of the Milky Way
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Li, Z., Qian, Y.-Z., Han, J., Wang, W., & Jing, Y. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4f6d · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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A first estimate of the Milky Way dark matter halo spin
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Moroianu, A., Bhandari, S., Drout, M. R., Hessels, J. W. T., Hewitt, D. M., Kirsten, F., Marcote, B., Pleunis, Z., Snelders, M. P., Sridhar, N., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae28c7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Galactic Mass Estimates Using Dwarf Galaxies as Kinematic Tracers
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Shipp, N., Riley, A. H., Simpson, C. M., Bieri, R., Necib, L., Arora, A., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., & Marinacci, F. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1283 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Local Group Analogs in ΛCDM Cosmological Simulations
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Accurate computation of the screening of scalar fifth forces in galaxies
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- Authors
- Callingham, T. M., Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Wang, W., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- University of La Serena (CL)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Heidelberger Institut für Theoretische Studien, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author
- Callingham, Thomas M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-02-05
- Volume
- 484
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 5453-5467
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2889030195
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 12.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/F001166/1, ST/I00162X/1, ST/P000541/1, ST/K00042X/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- European Research Council (786910)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- Milky Way mass, satellite galaxies, satellite dynamics, halo mass, distribution function, specific angular momentum, specific energy, host halo mass, Gaia proper motions, halo concentration, Navarro-Frenk-White profile, LambdaCDM model, Auriga simulations, EAGLE simulation
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