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The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2
Abstract
The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases
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“Such models are corroborated through geochemical and isotopic paleoclimate proxies over geologic time (Berner, 2004; Mackenzie and Lerman, 2006; Kump et al., 2010; Langmuir and Broecker, 2012).”
From Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment (2018) · cites this paper as Berner, 2004
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Items 601–676 of 676
Mitton, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316997475.014
The Role of the Ocean in the Global Carbon Cycle
Emerson, S., & Hamme, R. C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316841174.009
Jones, A. (2017) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_174-1
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0003
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0008
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0007
Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., & Summerhayes, C. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.009
Jones, A. (2018) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_174
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0002
What Drives Plate Motion?Preprint
Yang, Y. (2022) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10510082.3
What Drives Plate Motion?Preprint
Yang, Y. (2022) · doi:10.1002/essoar.10510082.2
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.002.0003
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.002.0004
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.002.0005
González-Lanchas, A., Rickaby, R. E. M., Sierro, F. J., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2899121/v1
Comment on egusphere-2023-1458
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-cc1
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ac1
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-cc2
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ac2
Comment on egusphere-2023-1458
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-rc1
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ac3
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ac4
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.002.0003
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0002
Nutrient cycling as an emergent property
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0010
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.002.0007
Merging of organismal and ecological physiology
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0007
Historical contingency and the development of planetary ecosystems
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0011
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.002.0004
Ecological hypercycles: covering a planet with life
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0006
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0005
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0003
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0012
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.002.0008
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.002.0005
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0009
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0008
Introducing the thought experiment
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0001
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ac5
Comment on egusphere-2023-1458
Yang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-rc2
Yang, Y. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ec1
Comment on egusphere-2023-1458
Yang, Y. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-1458-ac6
Bell, D. S., Leake, J. R., Beerling, D. J., Ton, J., & Epihov, D. Z. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624755
Comment on egusphere-2024-3022
Rijnders, J., Vienne, A., & Vicca, S. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-3022-rc2
Janssens, I., Servotte, T., Calogiuri, T., Mortier, S., Niron, H., Corbett, T. D. W., Poetra, R. P., Rieder, L., Tendeloo, M. V., Singh, A., et al. (2025) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.19252.1 · Cited by 5
Lozano, A., González‐Menéndez, L., González-Álvarez, I., Gómez‐Fernández, F., & Caldevilla, P. (2025) · Journal of Iberian Geology · doi:10.1007/s41513-025-00290-0
Global Ocean Cycles of Mg, Si, P, N, C, O2 and Fe
Murray, J. W. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191853241.003.0017
Janssens, I., Servotte, T., Calogiuri, T., Mortier, S., Niron, H., Corbett, T. D. W., Poetra, R. P., Rieder, L., Tendeloo, M. V., Singh, A., et al. (2025) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.19252.2 · Cited by 1
“For example, fungal and bacterial species can actively facilitate the weathering of silicate minerals (Berner, 2004; Finlay et al. , 2020).”
A visit to computational Earth system dynamics
Li, Z., Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Zhang, H., Huangfu, P., Cui, F., Wang, Y., Fu, H., Zhang, H., Xing, H., et al. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2025-0436
“此外 , 由于板块运动引发的热带地区陆地面积的细微 改变也会显著影响全球风化通量 , 从而影响大气中 CO 2 含量、地表平均温度乃至 气候演化 [5~7] .”
Denne, R. A. (2025) · SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) eBooks · doi:10.5724/gcs.38.030
Jellinek, M. A., & Lenardic, A. (2025) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781394229185.ch13
Coogan, L. A., Turchyn, A. V., Dunlea, A. G., & Bach, W. (2025) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781394229185.ch1
Erosion-driven Delayed Warming and Marine Stress prior to the end-Permian Mass Extinction
Li, S., Shen, J., Grossman, E. L., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-74636-2 · Cited by 1
“While the initial loss of vegetation likely enhanced erosion by removing surface protection, the continued collapse of terrestrial ecosystems may have reduced erosion by eliminating processes such as root wedging and bioturbation 41,42 .”
Guo, B., Hou, H., Rigo, M., Li, T., Chen, F., Xuetian, W. A. N. G., & Lin, J. (2026) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.70063
“However, it would take a relatively long time for carbon perturbations to register in sediment due to the long-term carbon cycles in the atmosphere, vegetation, oceans and rocks, as would the palaeoclimate feedback from geological events (Berner 2004).”
Carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering on American green clay tennis courts
Pavia, F. J., & Lambert, J. E. (2026) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2026.106737
Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Records of Icehouse Climate Variability During the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Liu, X., Meng, M., Cui, Q., Yongchao, L. U., Xianzhang, Y., Cao, Z., Geng, F., Deng, K., Sun, W., & Lu, Y. (2026) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse14050441
张, 仲., Hu, Y., 姜, 大., Tian, J., 周, 天., 刘, 健., & 刘, 晓. (2026) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/sste-2025-0312
Compréhension du climat de l’Ordovicien à l’aide de la modélisation numérique
Pohl, A. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/66d54913z79d9z4c6az9ef2z686dd3a5b571
Aubineau, J. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5aab44dcz6310z42beza3d0zc3672a46b0c5
“In the wake of the GOE, large positive excursions in the δ13C of marine inorganic carbon, during the “Lomagundi Event” ca. 2.22–2.1 Ga (Karhu & Holland, 1996), are believed to reflect large-scale burial of organic matter in marine sediments (Berner, 2004; Bekker & Holland, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSource, transport, and fate of particulate organic carbon in the largest Chinese rivers
Ke, Y. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c536ea72zba84z4f17za478z6027936bd0d4 · Cited by 1
Fariña, R., & Vallejo, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6533782
Delerce, S. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b7725389z4779z48ddz9393zba3923920a17
Fariña, R., & Vallejo, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6533781
Fariña, R. A., & Vallejo, S. (2026) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2026.105816
Autogenic Shoreline Migration and Its Effect on the Storage of Carbon in Marginal Marine Successions
Silvestre, J. R., Sanks, K. M., Zapp, S., et al. (2026) · AGU Advances · doi:10.1029/2025av002067
Chemical and Physical Evolution of the Crust
Chowdhury, W., Trail, D., & Ackerson, M. (2026) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074261452816
“In addition, subaerial crust enables silicate weathering, which draws down atmospheric CO 2 and contributes to climate regulation (Berner, 2004).”
Catchment lithology controls net carbon balance along the Antarctic Peninsula
He, S., Zhang, X., Hu, H., Yan, M., Yang, H., Gu, Q., Bianchi, T. S., Xu, X., & Cui, X. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-74667-9
“Regional net carbon balance is directly governed by both inorganic and organic carbon (OC) cycling 12 .”
Lin, X., Shi, J., Fan, J., et al. (2026) · Basin Research · doi:10.1111/bre.70137
Redox-controlled restructuring of marine microbial ecosystems during oceanic anoxic events
Yokoyama, T., Tajika, E., Watanabe, Y., & Ozaki, K. (2026) · Progress in Earth and Planetary Science · doi:10.1186/s40645-026-00842-7
“Although both the riverine P input rate ( J riv P ) and the SST anomaly (ΔSST) are fundamentally linked to T , the chemical weathering rate of continents is also dependent on other boundary conditions, including continental configuration, uplift, and river runoff (e.g., Berner 2004).”
Assessing fungal–mineral interactions in soil: A review of microscale methods
Morris, M., Zaharescu, D. G., Collins, C., Nuccio, E., & Lybrand, R. A. (2026) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.1002/saj2.70340
Ha, H. J., 현상민, Kwak, K. Y., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2026.1977666
Climate modelling and deep-time climate change
Caballero, R., & Lynch, P. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511974540.003
Metadata
- Authors
- Berner, R. A.
- Corresponding author
- Berner, Robert A.
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2004-09-02
- OpenAlex
- W2798800744
- Cited by
- 679
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- atmospheric CO2, atmospheric oxygen, silicate weathering, carbonate weathering, organic matter burial, volcanic degassing, carbon cycle models, paleoclimate, land plant evolution, giant insects, tectonics, global warming, greenhouse gases, fossil fuel combustion
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