Cited by 679Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeology and Paleoclimatology ResearchEarth Systems and Cosmic Evolution

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The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2

Berner, Robert A.·2004·Oxford University Press eBooks

DOI 10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001

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Abstract

The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases

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Background
What caused the rise of atmospheric O2?
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“Flood basalts have been linked to climate change (Wignall 2001; Chenet et al. 2005; Jolley and Widdowson 2005) and carbon cycle disruption (Wignall 2001; Palfy et al. 2002; Berner 2004).”
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CO2 distribution in groundwater and the impact of groundwater extraction on the global C cycle
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“…the emplacement of LIPs and changes in atmospheric CO2, consistent with previous studies, as well as with climate change and extinction events (Berner, 2004; Bond & Grasby, 2017; Bond & Wignall, 2014; Dessert et al., 2001; Ernst & Youbi, 2017; Ganino & Arndt, 2009; Grard et al., 2005; Kent &…”
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Background
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“In contrast to our approach to calculate R*, Lemarchand et al (2004) used equation (20) in their experimental system to estimate R*(μmol/mh), where the values for “n2” and “kf” are calculated for seawater and seawater like systems from Zuddas and Mucci (1994). For NaCl-CaCl2 solutions at 25 °C corresponding to ionic s…”
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“The relative stability of the Earth’s climate has been attributed to a negative feedback on climate imposed by the weathering of silicate rocks (for example, Walker and others, 1981; Berner and others, 1983; Berner 1991, 2004, 2006; Berner and Caldeira, 1997; Maher and Chamberlain, 2014).”
Background
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Investigating D evonian trees as geo‐engineers of past climates: linking palaeosols to palaeobotany and experimental geobiology
Morris, J. L., Leake, J. R., Stein, W. E., Berry, C. M., Marshall, J. E. A., Wellman, C. H., Milton, J. A., Hillier, S., Mannolini, F., Quirk, J., et al. (2015) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12185 · Cited by 89
“…rise of Devonian forests, in conjunction with their AM fungal partners, enhanced weathering of continental Ca and Mg silicates and increased the fluvial flux of nutrients to the oceans, causing major perturbations of the long-term carbon cycle (Berner et al. 2003; Berner 2004; Taylor et al. 2009).”
Background
Variations in planetary convection via the effect of climate on damage
Landuyt, W., & Bercovici, D. (2008) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.034 · Cited by 86
The widespread occurrence of coupled carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation in surface sediments on the Bahamas Bank
Burdige, D. J., Hu, X., & Zimmerman, R. C. (2010) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/06.2010.03 · Cited by 90
87Sr/86Sr stratigraphy from the Early Triassic of Zal, Iran: Linking temperature to weathering rates and the tempo of ecosystem recovery
Sedlacek, A. R. C., Saltzman, M. R., Algeo, T. J., Horacek, M., Brandner, R., Foland, K. A., & Denniston, R. F. (2014) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g35545.1 · Cited by 89
A Framework for Understanding Whole-Earth Carbon Cycling
Lee, C. A., Jiang, H., Dasgupta, R., & Torres, M. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677950.011 · Cited by 103
THE LATE TRIASSIC BLACK SHALES OF THE GUANLING AREA, GUIZHOU PROVINCE, SOUTH‐WEST CHINA: A UNIQUE MARINE REPTILE AND PELAGIC CRINOID FOSSIL LAGERSTÄTTE
Wang, X., Bachmann, G. H., Hagdorn, H., et al. (2008) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00735.x · Cited by 86
“%) of the entire Phanerozoic (Berner 2004).”
The Diverse Planetary Ingassing/Outgassing Paths Produced over Billions of Years of Magmatic Activity
Gaillard, F., Bouhifd, M. A., Füri, E., Malavergne, V., Marrocchi, Y., Noack, L., Ortenzi, G., Roskosz, M., & Vulpius, S. (2021) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-021-00802-1 · Cited by 82
Charcoal evidence that rising atmospheric oxygen terminated Early Jurassic ocean anoxia
Baker, S. J., Hesselbo, S. P., Lenton, T. M., Duarte, L. V., & Belcher, C. M. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15018 · Cited by 84
Early Palaeozoic ocean anoxia and global warming driven by the evolution of shallow burrowing
van de Velde, S., Mills, B. J. W., Meysman, F. J. R., Lenton, T. M., & Poulton, S. W. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04973-4 · Cited by 87
Constraining the role of early land plants in Palaeozoic weathering and global cooling
Quirk, J., Leake, J. R., Johnson, D. A., Taylor, L. L., Saccone, L., & Beerling, D. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1115 · Cited by 82
Estimating the formation age distribution of continental crust by unmixing zircon ages
Korenaga, J. (2017) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.039 · Cited by 81
Estuarine and Coastal Sediments – Coupled Biogeochemical Cycling
Burdige, D. J. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.00511-8 · Cited by 100
Cycling phosphorus on the Archean Earth: Part I. Continental weathering and riverine transport of phosphorus
Hao, J., Knoll, A. H., Huang, F., Hazen, R. M., & Daniel, I. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.01.027 · Cited by 85
Global fjords as transitory reservoirs of labile organic carbon modulated by organo-mineral interactions
Cui, X., Mucci, A. O., Bianchi, T. S., He, D., Vaughn, D., Williams, E. K., Wang, C., Smeaton, C., Koziorowska‐Makuch, K., Faust, J. C., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add0610 · Cited by 84
“Because oxidative weathering of sedimentary rock and silicate weathering are closely coupled to long-term climate change (~106 to 107 years) and mountain building (1, 2), OC biosynthesis and its ultimate burial in sedimentary basins serve as efficient processes to balance the exogenic carbon budget over glacial-interg…”
BackgroundInfluential
The land plant δ13C record and plant evolution in the Late Palaeozoic
Peters‐Kottig, W., Strauß, H., & Kerp, H. (2006) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.051 · Cited by 78
Deep mantle roots and continental emergence: implications for whole-Earth elemental cycling, long-term climate, and the Cambrian explosion
Lee, C. A., Rugenstein, J. K. C., Jiang, H., Cao, W., Lenardic, A., McKenzie, N. R., Shorttle, O., Yin, Q., & Dyer, B. C. (2017) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206814.2017.1340853 · Cited by 79
“In contrast, terrestrial chemical weathering is thought to be characterized by an n of 0.6 or greater (Volk 1989; Berner 2004) (see also discussion in Caves et al. (2016)).”
BackgroundInfluential
Sustained increases in atmospheric oxygen and marine productivity in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic eras
Stockey, R. G., Cole, D. B., Farrell, U. C., Agić, H., Boag, T. H., Brocks, J. J., Canfield, D. E., Cheng, M., Crockford, P. W., Cui, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01479-1 · Cited by 78
AGU Centennial Grand Challenge: Volcanoes and Deep Carbon Global CO 2 Emissions From Subaerial Volcanism—Recent Progress and Future Challenges
Fischer, T. P., & Aiuppa, A. (2020) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2019gc008690 · Cited by 83
“However, quantifying current global volcanic CO2 emissions remains central to reconstructing the preindustrial geological carbon cycle (Berner, 2004) and its role in climate evolution over geological time (Sleep & Zahnle, 2001).”
Background
A coupled carbon-silicon cycle model over Earth history: Reverse weathering as a possible explanation of a warm mid-Proterozoic climate
Krissansen-Totton, J., & Catling, D. C. (2020) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116181 · Cited by 75
“This required outgassing flux is low compared to most estimates, which converge around 6-10 Tmol C/yr (Berner, 2004; Lee and Lackey, 2015).”
Background
Carbon isotopes in clastic rocks and the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle
Canfield, D. E., Knoll, A. H., Poulton, S. W., Narbonne, G. M., & Dunning, G. R. (2020) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/02.2020.01 · Cited by 74
“We note also that the burial of organic carbon into terrestrial sediments, of which coal formation is the most important sink (Berner and Canfield, 1989), also impacts the isotopic mass balance of the carbon cycle (Berner, 2004).”
Background
Relation of Phanerozoic stable isotope excursions to climate, bacterial metabolism, and major extinctions
Stanley, S. M. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1012833107 · Cited by 77
A new approach for modeling Cenozoic oceanic lithium isotope paleo-variations: the key role of climate
Vigier, N., & Goddéris, Y. (2015) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-11-635-2015 · Cited by 77
“However, several lines of evidence call this interpretation of the seawater record into question, in particular the notion that low δ7Li values in rivers of the Cretaceous could be sustained by predominately congruent weathering (Wanner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethod
Chemical weathering and consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Alpine region
Donnini, M., Frondini, F., Probst, J., Anne Probst, A., Cardellini, C., Marchesini, I., & Guzzetti, F. (2015) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.017 · Cited by 74
No support for the emergence of lichens prior to the evolution of vascular plants
Nelsen, M. P., Lücking, R., Boyce, C. K., Lumbsch, H. T., & Ree, R. H. (2019) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12369 · Cited by 75

Authors: Berner, R. A.
Corresponding author: Berner, Robert A.
Venue: Oxford University Press eBooks
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2004-09-02
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001
OpenAlex: W2798800744
Cited by: 679
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 12.46
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Keywords: atmospheric CO2, atmospheric oxygen, silicate weathering, carbonate weathering, organic matter burial, volcanic degassing, carbon cycle models, paleoclimate, land plant evolution, giant insects, tectonics, global warming, greenhouse gases, fossil fuel combustion

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The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2

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