Cited by 679Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeology and Paleoclimatology ResearchEarth Systems and Cosmic Evolution

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The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2

Berner, Robert A.·2004·Oxford University Press eBooks

DOI 10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001

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Abstract

The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases

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“Interpretation of rock abundance data is however extremely difficult—normalizing via a single decay curve [Berner, 2004] or by noncarbonate area [Berner, 2006b] necessarily represent generalized preliminary approaches.”
Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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BackgroundMethod
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BackgroundResultInfluential
Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous
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“However, a key component of the carbon cycle is 31 sedimentary carbon, most of which is sequestered in deep-sea carbonates (Berner, 2004; 32 Clift, 2017) that are up to several 100 m thick and cover an area of 3,000 million km2—33 more than five times the size of other marine carbonate environments…”
Background
River chemistry constraints on the carbon capture potential of surficial enhanced rock weathering
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“…strategy is straightforward — because Earth ’ s long-term carbon cycle is fundamentally regulated by storage and release of carbon by rock weathering (Berner 2004), selectively enhancing certain rock weathering processes has the potential to remove vast quantities of CO 2 from the atmosphere…”
Background
Testate amoebae and nutrient cycling: peering into the black box of soil ecology
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BackgroundMethod
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“One possible indication of a change in SPR is a change in sea level, and the ‘standard’ estimate of SPR in the GEOCARBSULF climate model is estimated from sea-level inversions before the Jurassic (Berner, 2004; Royer, 2014).”
Background
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“…1952; Garrels and Perry, 1974; Holland, 1978; Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983; Brady, 1991; Drever and Zobrist, 1992; White and Blum, 1995; Gislason et al., 1996; Louvat and Allègre, 1997; Kump et al., 2000; Wallmann, 2001; Dessert et al., 2003; Berner, 2004; Gislason et al., 2006, 2009).”
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Background
Modeling the carbon and sulfur isotope compositions of marine sediments: Climate evolution during the Devonian
Simon, L., Goddéris, Y., Buggisch, W., Strauß, H., & Joachimski, M. M. (2007) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.08.014 · Cited by 54
“(Berner, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“…Fsw , one can add several dimensionless parameters or feedback functions representing the erosion changes driven by the uplift occurring in Earth’s history, the evolution of the continental area modulated by the sea-level changes, the impact of continental vegetation, and so on (Berner, 2004).”
Influential
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“(2) has to be applied to the whole Earth surface, as it is done in model describing the long term evolution of the carbon cycle (Wallman, 2001; Berner, 2004; Donnadieu et al., 2006), these catchments should cover a large variety of climatic regime at the Earth surface.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“tate outgassing rate, a planet’s surface temperature rises. This leads to increased rainfall and continental weathering as well as potentially warmer deep-sea temperatures and more sea oor weathering [21,24,28]. Increased weathering draws down atmospheric CO 2 and stabilizes the climate over ˘106-year timescales on ha…”
Background
Evidence for the oxidation of Earth’s crust from the evolution of manganese minerals
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“…carbon cycle simulating atmospheric CO2 changes due to the imbalance between its supply from volcanoes and metamorphic degassing and removal by silicate rock weathering [Tajika, 1998; Berner and Kothavala, 2001; Wallmann, 2001; Kashiwagi and Shikazono, 2003; Berner, 2004; Bergman et al., 2004].”
Background
Causes and consequences of low atmospheric pCO2 in the Late Mesoproterozoic
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“Thus, the burial of OM deep into the sediment leads to net oxygen input to and CO2 removal from the atmosphere (Berner, 2004).”
Background
Carbonate-rich crust subduction drives the deep carbon and chlorine cycles
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“…the subducted slab of the seafloor or in deep sedimentary basins to form calcium silicate (CaSiO3) and release CO2 to the atmosphere via volcanism or seepage from the deep sedimentary basins (Mackenzie and Pigott, 1981; Berner et al., 1983; Berner and Kothavala, 2001; Berner, 2004; Milliken, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The oxygen cycle and a habitable Earth
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Beaulieu, E., Goddéris, Y., Labat, D., Roelandt, C., Oliva, P., & Guerrero, B. (2010) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2010gc003078 · Cited by 49
Influences of alkalinity and pCO2 on CaCO3 nucleation from estimated Cretaceous composition seawater representative of “calcite seas”
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“Future work certainly needs to address oceanic nutrient cycle changes through time, as these are central to any examination of longer-term carbon cycle dynamics (Berner, 2004).”
Background
The Stable Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric CO2
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“…from deep to shallow water; accelerated silicate weathering on the continents driving increased carbonate sedimentation rates; higher marine productivity; and the massive burial of organic-rich sediments (Archer, 2010; Berner, 2004; Erba et al., 2015; Jenkyns, 2010, 2018; Skelton & Gili, 2012).”
Background
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“Plate tectonics of course affects, either directly or indirectly, most of surface environment, from the generation of continental crust (Campbell and Taylor, 1983) to the modulation of atmospheric composition (Berner, 2004).”
Background
A Short Introduction to Climate Change
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“…weathering of silicate minerals and subsequent drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 is the feedback that regulates Earth’s climate on geological timescales (Berner, 2004; Berner et al., 1983), and natural silicate weathering will eventually neutralize the CO 2 currently being released from anthropogenic…”
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“…durations (over millennia) (Berner, Lasaga, and Garrels 1983; Berner 2004), the carbon sink fashioned through silicate weathering is restrained due to its sluggish weathering dynamics on quick time durations (Berner 2004; Zeng, Jiang, and Liu 2016; Liu, Dreybrodt, and Liu 2011; Liu et al. 2018).”
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“…× (−δ) ] dCa dt = Fwsil + Fwcarb − Fbcarb dP dt = Fwp − Fbp Feedbacks in the model (Table 3) include a dependence of all weathering fluxes on pCO2 using the parameterization of Berner (2004), which includes a different weathering coefficient for carbonate rocks reflecting their increased…”
Method
Seismically enhanced solute fluxes in the Yangtze River headwaters following the A.D. 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
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Changes in productivity associated with algal-microbial shifts during the Early Triassic recovery of marine ecosystems
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A speculative review of factors controlling the evolution of phytoplankton during Paleozoic time
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Modeling the evolutionary rise of ectomycorrhiza on sub-surface weathering environments and the geochemical carbon cycle
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi and past high CO 2 atmospheres enhance mineral weathering through increased below-ground carbon-energy fluxes
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Carbon speciation in saline solutions in equilibrium with aragonite at high pressure
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Ecosystem-wide body-size trends in Cambrian–Devonian marine invertebrate lineages
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Additive effects of acidification and mineralogy on calcium isotopes in Triassic/Jurassic boundary limestones
Jost, A. B., Bachan, A., van de Schootbrugge, B., Brown, S. T., DePaolo, D. J., & Payne, J. L. (2016) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2016gc006724 · Cited by 42
“Equations are based on those in Kump and Arthur [1999], Berner [2004], DePaolo [2004], and Bachan and Payne [2015].”
A Model Sheet Mineral System to Study Fungal Bioweathering of Mica
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“The accumulation of weathering products over thousands of years not only results in soil and sediment formation, but also represents a major long-term sink for atmospheric CO2 and a source of nutrients for terrestrial ecosystems (Berner 2004; Balogh-Brunstad et al. 2008).”
Background
Body size and growth patterns in the therocephalian Moschorhinus kitchingi (Therapsida: Eutheriodontia) before and after the end-Permian extinction in South Africa
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The Role of CaCO3 Reactions in the Contemporary Oceanic CO2 Cycle
Smith, S. V., & Mackenzie, F. T. (2015) · Aquatic Geochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10498-015-9282-y · Cited by 49
“The equation is also implicit in models that evaluate the controls on atmospheric CO2 over geological time (e.g., Urey 1952; Berner et al. 1983; Berner 1991, 2004; see Smith and Gattuso 2011 for further discussion).”
Background
Global mapping of carbon isotope ratios in coal
Suto, N., & Kawashima, H. (2016) · Journal of Geochemical Exploration · doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.05.001 · Cited by 44
A coupled microscopy approach to assess the nano-landscape of weathering
Lybrand, R. A., Austin, J. C., Fedenko, J., Gallery, R. E., Rooney, E. C., Schroeder, P. A., Zaharescu, D. G., & Qafoku, O. S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41357-0 · Cited by 42
Tectonic control of continental weathering, atmospheric CO2, and climate over Phanerozoic times
Goddéris, Y., Yannick Donnadieu, A., Lefebvre, V., Hir, G. L., & Nardin, É. (2012) · Comptes Rendus Géoscience · doi:10.1016/j.crte.2012.08.009 · Cited by 42
Atmospheric CO 2 : Principal Control Knob Governing Earth's Temperature
Butter, J. Y. P., Hecht, B. H., Crenshaw, B. R., et al. (2010) · Cited by 41
Direct evidence of the feedback between climate and nutrient, major, and trace element transport to the oceans
Eiríksdóttir, E. S., Gíslason, S. R., & Oelkers, É. H. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.005 · Cited by 41
Measuring and interpreting CO 2 fluxes at regional scale: the case of the Apennines, Italy
Frondini, F., Cardellini, C., Caliro, S., Beddini, G., Rosiello, A., & Chiodini, G. (2018) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2017-169 · Cited by 41
“…2018; accepted 14 September 2018 On geological timescales, the level of atmospheric CO2 is controlled by the balance between CO2 consumed by chemical weathering and CO2 degassed by metamorphism and magmatism (Walker et al. 1981; Berner et al. 1983; Berner 1993, 2004; Kerrick & Caldeira 1993).”
Background
Soils as Generators and Sinks of Inorganic Carbon in Geologic Time
Monger, H. C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_3 · Cited by 43
“This results in the production of one mole of Ca and the consumption of two moles of carbon dioxide (Berner 2004).”
Background
Linkages between CO 2 , climate, and evolution in deep time
Royer, D. L. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0710915105 · Cited by 41
The Productivity of Oxygenic Photosynthesis around Cool, M Dwarf Stars
Lehmer, O., Catling, D. C., Parenteau, M. N., & Hoehler, T. M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac104 · Cited by 39
“Estimates of the amount of organic carbon burial, and hence the net O2 flux, range from 5.3 Tmol O2 yr −1 (Berner 2004, p. 42) to 10.0±1.7 Tmol O2 yr −1 (Holland 2002), which are 0.16% and 0.30% of the total productivity, respectively, if we take the order of magnitude estimate of Field et al.…”
BackgroundInfluential
Variations in organic carbon sourcing along a trans-Himalayan river determined by a Bayesian mixing approach
Menges, J., Hovius, N., Andermann, C., Lupker, M., Haghipour, N., Märki, L., & Sachse, D. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.003 · Cited by 40
Complex Interactions Between Large Igneous Province Emplacement and Global‐Temperature Changes During the Cenomanian‐Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE 2)
Percival, L. M. E., van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Selby, D. S., et al. (2020) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2020pa004016 · Cited by 40
Anachronistic facies in the early Triassic successions of the Persian Gulf and its palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
Abdolmaleki, J., & Tavakoli, V. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.031 · Cited by 41
Fundamental Processes in Ecology
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.001.0001 · Cited by 91
Effects of eustatic sea-level change, ocean dynamics, and nutrient utilization on atmospheric p CO 2 and seawater composition over the last 130 000 years: a model study
Wallmann, K., Schneider, B., & Sarnthein, M. (2016) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-12-339-2016 · Cited by 44
“Continental margins are even more dominant in terms of POC burial because burial is promoted by the deposition of riverine particles (Berner, 1982, 2004) accumulating mostly on the continental shelf during interglacial sea-level high-stands (Burwicz et al., 2011).”
Background
Variations of Mg isotope geochemistry in soils over a Hawaiian 4 Myr chronosequence
Ryu, J., Vigier, N., Derry, L. A., & Chadwick, O. A. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.09.024 · Cited by 38
Patterns in the evolution of nares size and secondary palate length in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida): implications for hypoxia as a cause of end-Permian tetrapod extinctions
Angielczyk, K. D., & Walsh, M. L. (2008) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1666/07-051.1 · Cited by 37
“…to reconstruct past atmospheric composition, and a decline in oxygen concentrations at the end of the Paleozoic is a consistent feature of the results of these models (e.g., Berner, 1987, 1989, 1999, 2001, 2004; Berner and Canfield, 1989; Lasaga, 1989; Berner et al., 2003; Bergman et al., 2004).”
Geochemical and Biological Consequences of Phytoplankton Evolution
Katz, M. E., Fennel, K., & Falkowski, P. G. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370518-1/50019-9 · Cited by 36
Climate, decay, and the death of the coal forests
Hibbett, D. S., Blanchette, R. A., Kenrick, P., & Mills, B. J. W. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.014 · Cited by 36
Revisiting groundwater carbon fluxes to the ocean with implications for the carbon cycle
Zhang, S., & Planavsky, N. J. (2019) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g46408.1 · Cited by 36
Nitrate to silicate ratio variability and the composition of micro-phytoplankton blooms in the inner-fjord of Seno Ballena (Strait of Magellan, 54°S)
Torres, R., Frangópulos, M., Hamamé, M., et al. (2010) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.07.014 · Cited by 36
“The granitic lithology of the region may result in moderate to high levels of DSi loading from weathering (Berner, 2004).”
Background
Erosion of modern terrestrial organic matter as a major component of sediments in fjords
Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., & Savage, C. (2017) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2016gl072260 · Cited by 36
“Continental shelves have long been recognized as basins of significant carbon sequestration [Berner, 2004; Burdige, 2005].”
Background
Volume and rate of volcanic CO 2 emissions governed the severity of past environmental crises
Jiang, Q., Jourdan, F., Olierook, H. K. H., Merle, R., Bourdet, J., Fougerouse, D., Godel, B. M., & Walker, A. T. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2202039119 · Cited by 38
The Global Sulfur Cycle
Canfield, D. E., & Farquhar, J. D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118280874.ch5 · Cited by 42
Ice, Fire, or Fizzle: The Climate Footprint of Earth's Supercontinental Cycles
Jellinek, M. A., Lenardic, A., & Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2020) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2019gc008464 · Cited by 31
Late Cretaceous Paleoceanographic Evolution and the Onset of Cooling in the Santonian at Southern High Latitudes (IODP Site U1513, SE Indian Ocean)
Petrizzo, M. R., MacLeod, K. G., Watkins, D. K., et al. (2021) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2021pa004353 · Cited by 34
The supercontinent cycle and Earth's long‐term climate
Nance, R. D. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14849 · Cited by 34

Authors: Berner, R. A.
Corresponding author: Berner, Robert A.
Venue: Oxford University Press eBooks
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2004-09-02
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195173338.001.0001
OpenAlex: W2798800744
Cited by: 679
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 12.46
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Keywords: atmospheric CO2, atmospheric oxygen, silicate weathering, carbonate weathering, organic matter burial, volcanic degassing, carbon cycle models, paleoclimate, land plant evolution, giant insects, tectonics, global warming, greenhouse gases, fossil fuel combustion

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The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2

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