The DOI matches its Crossref record.
QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1
Abstract
SANDER GREENLAND; QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE 1, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1 January 1987, Pages 1–30, https:
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Our meta-analysis supersedes previous stud- ies12 14 because it includes case-control studies (omitted in the study of Myers and Basinski12); pools data from a more compre- hensive set of studies (15 cohort studies compared with 11 analysed in Myers and Basinski,12 and five by Greenland14); and stratifies the analyses by disease end point, smoking, and sex.”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“One limitation of the prospective study design is the lag time between exposure assessment and outcome, which might potentially obscure acute effects of coffee intake on risk of heart disease.'4”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,004
Migraine and the risk of stroke: an updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Hu, X., Zhou, Y., Zhao, H., & Peng, C. (2016) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2746-z · Cited by 126
“Since the incidence of stroke is relatively rare in general populations, we ignored the distinction between RR and HR, and equally regarded them as RR [17].”
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: coffee consumption and the risk of cirrhosis
Kennedy, O. J., Roderick, P. J., Buchanan, R. M., Fallowfield, J. A., Hayes, P. C., & Parkes, J. (2016) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.13523 · Cited by 127
Vork, K. L., Broadwin, R., & Blaisdell, R. J. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10155 · Cited by 126
“We extracted RRs and standard error estimates from publications using methods described by Greenland (1987).”
MethodFamily history of liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma
Turati, F., Edefonti, V. C., Talamini, R., Ferraroni, M., Malvezzi, M., Bravi, F., Franceschi, S., Montella, M., Polesel, J., Zucchetto, A., et al. (2011) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.24794 · Cited by 122
“10).(31) Sensitivity analysis was performed according to the quality of each study and assessed independently by two reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.”
MethodIUD use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: A meta-analysis of case-control studies
Xiong, X., Buekens, P. M., & Wollast, É. (1995) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(95)00120-y · Cited by 119
Pelucchi, C., Galeone, C., Bach, J., Vecchia, C. L., & Chatenoud, L. (2013) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.009 · Cited by 126
“We calculated summary RR estimates of AD by using both fixed-effects models with the inverse variance method (ie, computing an average effect by weighting the log OR of each study according to the inverse of the sampling variance) and random-effects models, which consider both within- and between-study variations by u…”
MethodAnti-hypertensive drugs and skin cancer risk: a review of the literature and meta-analysis
Gandini, S., Palli, D., Spadola, G., Bendinelli, B., Cocorocchio, E., Stanganelli, I., Miligi, L., Masala, G., & Caini, S. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.12.003 · Cited by 119
Aspirin and cancer risk: an updated quantitative review to 2005
Bosetti, C., Gallus, S., & Vecchia, C. L. (2006) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0033-7 · Cited by 117
“The pooled RR (and corresponding 95% CI) for each neoplasm, separately for case–control and cohort studies, were then calculated as a weighted average of the each study RR [10], with a weight proportional to the study precision (i.”
Low serum cholesterol and the risk of cancer: an analysis of the published prospective studies
Law, M. R., & Thompson, S. G. (1991) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf00052142 · Cited by 119
Conaty, S. J., Watson, L. C., Dinnes, J., & Waugh, N. R. (2004) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.050 · Cited by 117
Morbidity of laparoscopic surgery for complicated appendicitis: an international study
Cueto, J., Dallemagne, B., Vázquez-Frias, J. A., Gómez, S. A., Delgado, F., Trullenque, L., Fajardo, R., Valencia, S., Poggi, L., Balli, J. E., et al. (2006) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-005-0402-4 · Cited by 118
Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bosetti, C., Bravi, F., Negri, E., & Vecchia, C. L. (2009) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp017 · Cited by 116
“We derived summary estimates of the RR using fixed effect models (i.e. as weighed averages using the inverse of the variance of the log (RR) as weight), and we assessed the heterogeneity between studies using the x 2 test (Greenland, 1987).”
MethodBonovas, S., Fiorino, G., Lytras, T., Nikolopoulos, G. K., Peyrin‐Biroulet, L., & Danese, S. (2017) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.14023 · Cited by 119
Caini, S., Boniol, M., Tosti, G., Magi, S., Medri, M., Stanganelli, I., Palli, D., Assedi, M., del Mármol, V., & Gandini, S. (2014) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2014.06.024 · Cited by 116
“Metaregressions and subgroup analyses were carried out to assess the role of other factors on the associations of interest [33].”
MethodResultNon-Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases Associated With Isolated Breast Cancer Cells in the Sentinel Node
van Deurzen, C. H. M., de Boer, M., Monninkhof, E. M., Bult, P., van der Wall, E., Tjan‐Heijnen, V. C. G., & van Diest, P. J. (2008) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djn343 · Cited by 115
Relationship Between Glycated Hemoglobin and Stroke Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Mitsios, J. P., Ekinci, E. I., Mitsios, G. P., Churilov, L. P., & Thijs, V. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007858 · Cited by 127
Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease are important contributors to caregiver distress
Aarsland, D., Larsen, J. P., Karlsen, K., Lim, N. G., & Tandberg, E. (1999) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199910)14:10 · Cited by 484
Reversible dementia: more than 10% or less than 1%?
Weytingh, M. D., Bossuyt, P. M., & van Crevel, H. (1995) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00873551 · Cited by 115
Does night-shift work increase the risk of prostate cancer? a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xie, L., Rao, D., Yu, H., Bai, Y., & Zheng, X. (2015) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s89769 · Cited by 114
Lactose Intolerance Symptoms Assessed by Meta-Analysis: A Grain of Truth That Leads to Exaggeration
Savaiano, D. A., Boushey, C. J., & McCabe, G. P. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.4.1107 · Cited by 114
Lytras, T. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1858 · Cited by 119
Tramacere, I., Negri, E., Bagnardi, V., Garavello, W., Rota, M., Scotti, L., Islami, F., Corrao, G., Boffetta, P., & Vecchia, C. L. (2010) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.024 · Cited by 114
“Furthermore, the use of the random-effects model to derive summary estimates allowed to account for heterogeneity among studies.(54) Most data derived from retrospective exposure assessments in case-control studies, and are therefore subject to the relevant biases and limitations.”
MethodMacchia, A., Marchioli, R., Tognoni, G., et al. (2010) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.11.028 · Cited by 114
Systematic review and metaanalysis of air pollution exposure and risk of diabetes
Janghorbani, M., Momeni, F., & Mansourian, M. (2014) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9907-2 · Cited by 111
“Because the frequency of diabetes incidence and prevalence is relatively low, the OR in cross-sectional studies and incidence rate ratios in cohort studies yield similar estimates of RR [33].”
ResultInterpreting epidemiological evidence: how meta-analysis and causal inference methods are related
Weed, D. L. (2000) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/29.3.387 · Cited by 120
Boulware, L. E., Daumit, G. L., Frick, K. D., Minkovitz, C. S., Lawrence, R. S., & Powe, N. R. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00356-7 · Cited by 111
Tobacco Smoking and Esophageal and Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma
Tramacere, I., Vecchia, C. L., & Negri, E. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31821092cd · Cited by 111
“We derived meta-analytic summary estimates using random-effects models.(43) We assessed the statistical heterogeneity among studies using the 2 test,(43) defining a signif-”
MethodIslami, F., Tramacere, I., Rota, M., Bagnardi, V., Fedirko, V., Scotti, L., Garavello, W., Jenab, M., Corrao, G., Straíf, K., et al. (2010) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.07.015 · Cited by 113
Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears
Kettle, C., Hills, R. K., & Ismail, K. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000947.pub2 · Cited by 105
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Delgado‐Rodríguez, M., & Sillero‐Arenas, M. (2017) · Medicina Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003 · Cited by 121
The effect of alcohol on osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cheraghi, Z., Doosti‐Irani, A., Almasi‐Hashiani, A., et al. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.025 · Cited by 110
Iron intake, body iron status, and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chang, V. C., Cotterchio, M., & Khoo, E. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5642-0 · Cited by 111
Association of hypertension with the severity and fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis
Zhang, J., Wu, J. Q., Sun, X., Xue, H., Shao, J., Cai, W., Yang, J., Yue, M., & Dong, C. (2020) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026882000117x · Cited by 114
Alzheimer's disease and coffee: a quantitative review
Quintana, J. L. B., Allam, M. F., del Castillo, A. S., & Navajas, R. F. (2007) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/174313206x152546 · Cited by 112
Severity of illness and risk of readmission to intensive care: A meta-analysis
Frost, S. A., Alexandrou, E., Bogdanovski, T., Salamonson, Y., Davidson, P. M., Parr, M. J., & Hillman, K. (2009) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.02.015 · Cited by 111
Epidemiologic evidence of cancer risk in textile industry workers: a review and update
Mastrangelo, G., Fedeli, U., Fadda, E., Milan, G., & Lange, J. H. (2002) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1191/0748233702th139rr · Cited by 109
“Meta-analytic and narrative (qualitative) aspects of research review can and should be complementary, according to Greenland (1987).”
BackgroundStampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1990) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(90)90569-s · Cited by 104
Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis
Sang, L.-X., Chang, B., Li, X., & Jiang, M. (2013) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-13-34 · Cited by 107
“Because liver cancer is rare, the OR was assumed to be the same as RR and HR, and all results are reported as OR for simplicity [9].”
BackgroundA meta-analysis on alcohol drinking and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma risk
Tramacere, I., Pelucchi, C., Bagnardi, V., Rota, M., Scotti, L., Islami, F., Corrao, G., Boffetta, P., Vecchia, C. L., & Negri, E. (2011) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr136 · Cited by 110
“All the meta-analytic estimates were derived using random-effects models [42].”
MethodInfluentialGreen tea and the risk of prostate cancer
Guo, Y., Zhi, F., Chen, P., Zhao, K., Xiang, H., Mao, Q., Wang, X., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000006426 · Cited by 109
“In addition, catechins content in black tea is approximately a 3rd of that in green tea due to the process of fermentation, which might lead to different effect on PCa.”
MethodInfluentialPego‐Reigosa, J. M., Nicholson, L., Pooley, N., Langham, S., Embleton, N., Marjenberg, Z. R., Barut, V., Desta, B., Wang, X., Langham, J., et al. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa478 · Cited by 106
An illustrated guide to the methods of meta‐analysis
Sutton, A. J., Abrams, K. R., & Jones, D. R. (2001) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2753.2001.00281.x · Cited by 106
Systematic review and meta-analysis of age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes
Janghorbani, M., Mansourian, M., & Hosseini, E. (2014) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0579-x · Cited by 105
“Because the frequency at which diabetes occur is relatively low, the odds ratio in cross-sectional studies and rate ratios and HR in cohort studies yield similar estimates of RR [29].”
ResultKim, Y., & Je, Y. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040390 · Cited by 107
“The summary RRs were between 1.32 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.63) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.64) in the sensitivity analysis (data not shown).”
MethodInfluentialCirculating adiponectin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Macis, D., Guerrieri‐Gonzaga, A., & Gandini, S. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu088 · Cited by 105
“odds ratio (OR), rate ratio, risk ratio), and all measures were interpreted as relative risk.(35) Every measure of association, adjusted for the maximum number of confounding variables, and the corresponding confidence intervals, were transformed into log relative risks.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGlycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Turati, F., Galeone, C., Augustin, L. S. A., & Vecchia, C. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102342 · Cited by 105
“Heterogeneity was evaluated through the χ2 test and quantified through and the I2 statistic [45,46].”
MethodChi, J., Chen, F., Zhang, J., Niu, X., Tao, H., Ruan, H., Wang, Y., & Hu, J. (2021) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104344 · Cited by 116
Progestogen-Only Contraceptives and the Risk of Stroke
Chakhtoura, Z., Canonico, M., Gompel, A., Thalabard, J., Scarabin, P., & Plu‐Bureau, G. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.538405 · Cited by 102
Tea consumption and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Dong, X., Yang, C., Cao, S., Gan, Y., Sun, H., Gong, Y., Yang, H., Yin, X., & Lu, Z. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414567759 · Cited by 102
“In the meta-analysis, OR and HR were deemed equivalent to RR (Greenland, 1987; Zhang and Yu, 1998), the RRs and 95% CIs were considered as the effect size for all studies.”
MethodAssociation Between Maternal Obesity and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Meta-analysis
Li, Y., Ou, J., Liu, L., Zhang, D., Zhao, J., & Tang, S. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2549-8 · Cited by 115
Diabetes Mellitus and Ovarian Cancer Risk
Lee, J., Jeon, I., Kim, J., Song, Y. S., Yoon, J.-M., & Park, S. M. (2013) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1097/igc.0b013e31828189b2 · Cited by 103
“Statistical Analysis Because of the fact that ovarian cancer is rare, the OR in case-control studies yields similar estimates to that of the RR.(13) Therefore, we reported all results as RR.”
ResultSeyyedsalehi, M. S., Mohebbi, E., Toorang, F., Sasanfar, B., Boffetta, P., & Zendehdel, K. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11020190 · Cited by 116
“Because of the rare disease assumption, the ORs are assumed to approximate the RRs [65].”
BackgroundInfluentialCong, Y., Gan, Y., Sun, H.-L., Deng, J. L., Cao, S., Xu, X., & Lu, Z. (2013) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.709 · Cited by 114
“We combined the case–control and cohort studies in the primary meta-analysis because ORs and RRs provide similar estimates of risk when the outcome is rare (Greenland, 1987).”
MethodSingh, G., Wu, O., Langhorne, P., & Madhok, R. (2006) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/ar2047 · Cited by 103
“The random effects model accounts for interstudy variance and provides a more conservative estimate of effect than does the fixed effect model, whereas the generic variance method can take into account confounding by combining adjusted relative risk estimates [12].”
MethodIs hypertension associated with job strain? A meta-analysis of observational studies
Babu, G. R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., Mahapatra, T., Mahapatra, S., Kumar, A. N., Detels, R., & Pearce, N. E. (2013) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101396 · Cited by 101
Association between smoking and risk of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kong, L., Wang, L., Meng, F., Cao, J., & Shen, Y. (2016) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.020 · Cited by 106
Binazzi, A., Levi, M., Bonafede, M., Bugani, M., Messeri, A., Morabito, M., Marinaccio, A., & Baldasseroni, A. (2019) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22946 · Cited by 103
“32 The observed variance is divided into within-studies and between-studies variances and then both parts are used when assigning the weights.”
A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of lung cancer in welders
Moulin, J. (1997) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.187 · Cited by 100
“The chi-squared test for the heterogeneity of the RR, values proposed by Greenland (10) was applied:”
MethodHuman papillomavirus infection and use of oral contraceptives
Green, J., de González, A. B., Smith, J. S., Franceschi, S., Appleby, P. N., Plummer, M., & Beral, V. (2003) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600971 · Cited by 99
“The results of a statistical test for heterogeneity are included in this and subsequent figures for information; it should be borne in mind that such tests generally have a low sensitivity (Greenland, 1987) and should not be used as the sole criterion of important heterogeneity between studies.”
BackgroundHigh glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with moderately increased cancer risk
Turati, F., Galeone, C., Gandini, S., Augustin, L. S. A., Jenkins, D. J. A., Pelucchi, C., & Vecchia, C. L. (2015) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400594 · Cited by 107
“, the proportion of total variation contributed by between-study variation [51, 52].”
Salvo, F., Moore, N. D., Arnaud, M., Robinson, P., Raschi, E., Ponti, F. D., Bégaud, B., & Pariente, A. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i2231 · Cited by 101
Diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality of kidney cancer: A meta-analysis
Bao, C., Yang, X., Xu, W., Luo, H., Xu, Z., Su, C., & Qi, X. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.01.004 · Cited by 98
“Because the risk of kidney cancer is low, the odds ratio in case– control studies and rate ratios or SIR in cohort studies yield similar estimates of RR (Greenland, 1987).”
ResultGrosso, G., Micek, A., Godos, J., Pająk, A., Sciacca, S., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Galvano, F., & Martínez‐González, M. Á. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080890 · Cited by 102
“In this meta-analysis, ORs and HRs referring to new onset incident cases of hypertension were deemed equivalent to risk ratios (RRs) [16].”
MethodA review and meta-analysis of formaldehyde exposure and leukemia
Collins, J. J., & Lineker, G. A. (2004) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.04.006 · Cited by 98
Silicosis and Smoking Strongly Increase Lung Cancer Risk in Silica-Exposed Workers
Kurihara, N., & Wada, O. (2004) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.42.303 · Cited by 98
Tipton, E., Pustejovsky, J. E., & Ahmadi, H. (2018) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1338 · Cited by 112
Teng, S., Yi, C., Krettek, C., & Jagodzinski, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125294 · Cited by 97
“As some studies did not report the mean and standard deviation for the length of hospital stay, the methods suggested by Greenland [17] were utilized to estimate these parameters from the published data.”
MethodBody mass index and risk of multiple myeloma: A meta‐analysis
Larsson, S. C., & Wolk, A. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22968 · Cited by 96
Influence of early life exposures on incidence and remission of asthma throughout life
de Marco, R., Pattaro, C., Locatelli, F., Svanes, C., & for the ECRHS Study Group (2004) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.780 · Cited by 95
Multivariate meta‐analysis using individual participant data
Riley, R. D., Price, M. J., Jackson, D., Wardle, M., Gueyffier, F., Wang, J., Staessen, J. A., & White, I. R. (2014) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1129 · Cited by 94
“1 6 9 to utilise correlations to borrow strength is considered by others (Greenland, 1987; Steyerberg et al., 2000; Debray et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodEsposito, K., Cozzolino, D., Bellastella, G., Maiorino, M. I., Chiodini, P., Ceriello, A., & Giugliano, D. (2011) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01380.x · Cited by 96
“When the OR and 95% CIs were available, we transformed them into log OR and calculated the corresponding variance and standard error using the formula proposed by Greenland [13].”
MethodA Meta-analysis of excess cardiac mortality on Monday
Witte, D. R., Grobbee, D. E., Bots, M. L., & Hoes, A. W. (2005) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-004-8783-6 · Cited by 97
“For example, the identification of platelet aggregation as a mechanism behind the circadian pattern in myocardial infarction in the Physicians Health Study [38] came from finding a clear circadian pattern in the placebo group, but not in the aspirin group.”
BackgroundMethodYazdany, J., Pooley, N., Langham, J., Nicholson, L., Langham, S., Embleton, N., Wang, X., Desta, B., Barut, V., & Hammond, E. R. (2020) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001247 · Cited by 98
“However, the dissemination plan targets a wide audience including members of the public, patients, health professionals and experts in the speciality through various channels including peer-reviewed publications and conference posters and presentations.”
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Coronary Heart Disease: Meta-analyses of Observational Studies
Flores‐Mateo, G., Carrillo-Santisteve, P., Elosúa, R., Güallar, E., Marrugat, J., Bleys, J., & Covas, M. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp112 · Cited by 94
Cholesterol-Lowering Interventions and Stroke
Caterina, R. D., Scarano, M., Marfisi, R., Lucisano, G., Palma, F., Tatasciore, A., & Marchioli, R. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.062 · Cited by 98
Sung, H. K., Ma, S. H., Choi, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.16.066 · Cited by 95
Exploratory or analytic meta-analysis: Should we distinguish between them?
Anello, C., & Fleiss, J. L. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)00084-4 · Cited by 95
Ethylene oxide: an assessment of the epidemiological evidence on carcinogenicity.
Shore, R. E., Gardner, M. J., & Pannett, B. (1993) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.50.11.971 · Cited by 95
Luo, D., Zhou, T., Tao, Y., Feng, Y., Shen, X., & Mei, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25768 · Cited by 100
Thiazolidinedione use and atrial fibrillation in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis
Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Korantzopoulos, P. G., Letsas, Κ. P., Tse, G., Gong, M., Meng, L., Li, G., & Liu, T. (2017) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0531-4 · Cited by 98
“The hazard ratio value using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model in the primary study was directly considered as OR [22].”
MethodEstimating Fetal Weight in the Management of Macrosomia
Sacks, D. A., & Chen, W. (2000) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-200004000-00022 · Cited by 95
Xiao, L., Xing, C., Yang, Z., Xu, S., Wang, M., Du, H., Liu, K., & Huang, Z. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451500207x · Cited by 93
“A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled RR and weighted mean differences to account for the heterogeneity of the estimates, and to provide more conservative estimates compared with those generated using the fixedeffects model((10)).”
MethodThe association between overweight, obesity and ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis
Liu, Z., Zhang, T., Zhao, J., Qi, S.-F., Du, P., Liu, D., & Tian, Q. (2015) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyv150 · Cited by 96
“Because cancer could be considered to be a relatively rare event, we assumed that the ORs, risk ratios and rate ratios were all comparable estimates of the RR (10).”
ResultAge-specific ALS incidence: a dose–response meta-analysis
Marin, B., Fontana, A., Arcuti, S., Copetti, M., Boumédiène, F., Couratier, P., Beghi, E., Preux, P., & Logroscino, G. (2018) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0392-x · Cited by 100
Age at Menarche in Relation to Maternal Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Coffee, and Tea during Pregnancy
Windham, G. C. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh117 · Cited by 92
“The variables considered potential confounders from the univariate analyses were included in multiple regression models and then removed individually to examine the change in the estimate for each exposure (32).”
Beal, S. M., & Finch, C. F. (1991) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1991.tb00414.x · Cited by 93
Ferritin levels and risk of metabolic syndrome: meta-analysis of observational studies
Abril-Ulloa, V., Flores‐Mateo, G., Solà, R., Manuel‐y‐Keenoy, B., & Arija, V. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-483 · Cited by 93
“For studies reporting only mean levels of ferritin in case and non-case subjects [12,14], we used linear discriminant function methods [28] to calculate the OR in a comparison of the 75th to the 25th percentiles of the ferritin distribution in non-case subjects, assuming a normal distribution for ferritin.”
MethodLeviton, A., & Cowan, L. D. (2002) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00092-3 · Cited by 88
Body Mass Index and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Feng, J., Chen, Q., Yu, F., Wang, Z., Chen, S., Jin, Z., Cai, Q., Liu, Y., & He, J. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000002859 · Cited by 91
“Because the incidence of RA is low, the ORs in case–control studies approximate the RRs.13 According to World Health Organization guidelines,14 individuals with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 are classified as obesity and those with a BMI of 25 to 30 kg/m2 were characterized as overweight.”
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment-Overview
M’Koma, A. E. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58050567 · Cited by 91
Gong, Y., Wei, B.-J., Li, Y., & Pan, W. (2015) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.01.003 · Cited by 93
“Because the absolute risk of oral cancer is low, all the above measures yield similar estimates of RR [38].”
ResultThiessen‐Philbrook, H., Barrowman, N. J., & Garg, A. X. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.018 · Cited by 90
Wang, T., Sun, S., & Huang, S. (2018) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-018-0534-4 · Cited by 96
Comments on a Meta-analysis of the Relation between Dietary Calcium Intake and Blood Pressure
Birkett, N. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009627 · Cited by 91
Parkinson’s disease and pesticide exposure – a new assessment
Allen, M. T., & Levy, L. S. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2013.798719 · Cited by 90
“The fixed-effects model uses general variance-based method with inverse variances of individual study effect estimates as weights (Greenland, 1987).”
MethodPrognostic models based on literature and individual patient data in logistic regression analysis
Steyerberg, E. W., Eijkemans, M. J. C., van Houwelingen, H. C., Lee, K. L., & Habbema, J. D. F. (2000) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000130)19:2 · Cited by 90
Gan, Y., Li, L., Zhang, L., Yan, S., Gao, C., Hu, S., Qiao, Y., Tang, S., Wang, C., & Lu, Z. (2017) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgx129 · Cited by 90
Andrews, G. J., Corry, J., & Slade, T. N. (2004) · Cited by 120
Meta-analysis of residential exposure to radon gas and lung cancer.
Pavía, M., Bianco, A., Pileggi, C., & Angelillo, I. F. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 90
Ba, D. M., Ssentongo, P., Beelman, R. B., Muscat, J. E., Gao, X., & Richie, J. P. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab015 · Cited by 91
“, ORs, rate ratios, and risk ratios) can be ignored (49); therefore, we combined RRs and HRs with ORs in the present meta-analysis and reported the pooled effect size as RRs as common risk estimates for all studies.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- GREENLAND, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- ORCID
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- Venue
- Epidemiologic Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6729
- OpenAlex
- W1894101563
- Cited by
- 1,644
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 21.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- meta-analysis, quantitative methods, heterogeneity of study results
- MeSH terms
- Epidemiology, Humans, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Regression Analysis, Review Literature as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
