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QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1
Abstract
SANDER GREENLAND; QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE 1, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1 January 1987, Pages 1–30, https:
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“Our meta-analysis supersedes previous stud- ies12 14 because it includes case-control studies (omitted in the study of Myers and Basinski12); pools data from a more compre- hensive set of studies (15 cohort studies compared with 11 analysed in Myers and Basinski,12 and five by Greenland14); and stratifies the analyses by disease end point, smoking, and sex.”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“One limitation of the prospective study design is the lag time between exposure assessment and outcome, which might potentially obscure acute effects of coffee intake on risk of heart disease.'4”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
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Petrelli, F., Coinu, A., Borgonovo, K., Cabiddu, M., Ghilardi, M., Lonati, V., Aitini, E., & Barni, S. (2015) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000000314 · Cited by 182
“To estimate pooled proportions, we used random- or fixed-effects models to take into account the heterogeneity of the estimates.(11) Statistical heterogeneity across studies was stated by using the Cochran's test and quantified by I (2)(percentage of the total variation across studies that is attributable to heterogen…”
MethodActive Commuting and Multiple Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“3]), according to the method of Greenland.(45) ‡ Data provided by author.”
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Donner, A. P., & Zou, G. (2010) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280210383082 · Cited by 172
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“Because the number of studies is limited, there was no need for more sophisticated computational exercises [32].”
BackgroundHuncharek, M. S. (1999) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/20.8.1507 · Cited by 173
Saed, L., Varse, F., Baradaran, H. R., Moradi, Y., Khateri, S., Friberg, E., Khazaei, Z., Gharahjeh, S., Tehrani, S., Sioofy-Khojine, A.-B., et al. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5748-4 · Cited by 169
“studies and the risk ratio in the cohort and populationbased cohort studies yielded similar estimates of relative risk (RR) [11].”
ResultWagner, M. A., & Weiss, B. (2006) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcl014 · Cited by 170
“Less information exists on synthesizing regression coefficients from multivariate event history models (Greenland 1987) difficulties arise in particular from the aggregation of effect sizes that stem from differently specified models.”
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“The standardized residual histogram (Figure 1, part H) is briefly explained in a meta-analysis context by Greenland (31) and is further described by Sutton et al.”
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“, odds ratios, rate ratios, and risk ratios) [21], and considered that ORs and HRs were similar to RRs.”
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Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., & Stampfer, M. J. (1993) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90018-8 · Cited by 165
Bias in the one‐step method for pooling study results
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“Pooled ORs with 95% CIs were computed for the comparisons of interest, using both a fixed-effect model (inverse-variance method) (20) and a random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird method) (21).”
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“were translated into log (RR) and the corresponding variance with the formula proposed by Greenland.(8) When estimates were not available from the paper, they were calculated from the published crude data.”
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“The combinedORwasobtainedbyuse of both thefixed effectmodel (Woolf’smethod) [Greenland, 1987] and the random effect model [DerSimonian and Laird, 1986].”
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“For the meta-analysis, we assumed that estimates of ORs from case–control studies and risk, rate or HRs from cohort studies were all valid estimates of the RR, and therefore, we reported all estimates of association as RRs.(15) For studies not using the category with the youngest menarcheal age as the reference, we us…”
MethodLaden, F., Collman, G. W., Iwamoto, K., Alberg, A. J., Berkowitz, G. S., Freudenheim, J. L., Hankinson, S. E., Helzlsouer, K. J., Holford, T. R., Huang, H.-Y., et al. (2001) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/93.10.768 · Cited by 156
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“For one study [17] that reported only hazard ratios and p-values, confidence intervals were calculated using standard methods [18].”
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“In two papers [33,34], authors provided only a measure of relative risk and the exact value of the chi-square statistics, from which the 95% CI were calculated according to Greenland’s formulas [21].”
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Xue, A.-L., Wu, S.-Y., Jiang, L., Feng, A.-M., Guo, H.-F., & Zhao, P. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000006983 · Cited by 145
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“10 (31), and we quantified the heterogeneity by using the I(2) statistic (32), which represents the percentage of total variation across studies that is attributable to heterogeneity rather than to chance.”
BackgroundMethodAppel, L. J., Miller, E. R., Seidler, A. J., & Whelton, P. K. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 137
Jin, Z., Xiang, C., Cai, Q., Wei, X., & He, J. (2013) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203323 · Cited by 136
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“50 A publication bias could also affect the results of the present meta-analysis.”
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“Heterogeneity of diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was assessed graphically using forest plot(26) (not shown) and statistically using C(2) test(27) to aid in decisions on how to proceed with quantitative synthesis.(28) As for some tests and outcomes, there was either graphical or statistically significant heterogeneity, we…”
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Malacova, E., Regan, A. K., Nassar, N., Raynes‐Greenow, C. H., Leonard, H., Srinivasjois, R. M., Shand, A., Lavin, T., & Pereira, G. F. (2017) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14906 · Cited by 136
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“We calculated fixed-effects summaries (FES) and corresponding confidence limits for various combinations of studies by using the method of weighting by precision (Greenland 1987).”
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“In addition, there was no study which provided unadjusted and adjusted OR which may have allowed artificial adjustment of study point estimates (55).”
BackgroundBriel, M., Studer, M., Glass, T. R., & Bucher, H. C. (2004) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.022 · Cited by 134
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“Relative risks and hazard ratios were deemed equivalent to ORs [30].”
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He, J., Tse, G., Korantzopoulos, P. G., Letsas, Κ. P., Ali‐Hasan‐Al‐Saegh, S., Kamel, H., Li, G., Lip, G. Y. H., & Liu, T. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.017293 · Cited by 131
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Liu, Y., Tang, W., Wang, J., Xie, L., Li, T., He, Y., Deng, Y., Peng, Q., Li, S., & Qin, X. Y. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0326-6 · Cited by 132
A Meta-analysis of Alcohol Drinking and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers: Results from Subgroup Analyses
Turati, F., Garavello, W., Tramacere, I., Pelucchi, C., Galeone, C., Bagnardi, V., Corrao, G., Islami, F., Fedirko, V., Boffetta, P., et al. (2012) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags100 · Cited by 130
“We assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the χ2 test (Greenland, 1987) (results were defined heterogeneous for P < 0.”
MethodMarchioli, R. (1999) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0480 · Cited by 130
Maternal cannabis use and birth weight: a meta-analysis
English, D. R., Hulse, G. K., Milne, E., Holman, C. D. J., & Bower, C. I. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02875.x · Cited by 131
Deschner, E. E., Lytle, J. S., Wong, G. Y., Ruperto, J. F., & Newmark, H. L. (1990) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19901201)66:11 · Cited by 96
Vamvakas, E. C., & Moore, S. B. (1993) · Transfusion · doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33994025027.x · Cited by 129
Li, J., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Li, Y., & Hu, F. B. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz349 · Cited by 133
“For 1 study, data were collected from 2 articles (22, 23) that did not report 95% CIs; we calculated the SEs based on LA intake amounts, log RRs, or regression coefficients, and P values according to a previously reported method (4, 24).”
MethodGandini, S., Lowenfels, A. B., Jaffee, E. M., Armstrong, T. D., & Maisonneuve, P. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0119 · Cited by 131
Hormonal and reproductive factors in relation to melanoma in women: Current review and meta-analysis
Gandini, S., Iodice, S., Koomen, E. R., di Pietro, A., Sera, F., & Caini, S. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.023 · Cited by 123
“corresponding variance, with the formula proposed by Greenland.(31) We used random effects models, taking into account between-study and within study variability when more than one estimate from a single study was used.”
MethodEfficacy of Insulin Analogs in Achieving the Hemoglobin A1c Target of <7% in Type 2 Diabetes
Giugliano, D., Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Chiodini, P., Ceriello, A., & Esposito, K. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1710 · Cited by 127
“When the OR and 95% CIs were available, we transformed them into logOR and calculated the corresponding variance and standard error using the formula proposed by Greenland (19).”
MethodLung Cancer Risk and Workplace Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Stayner, L. T., Bena, J., Sasco, A. J., Smith, R. J., Steenland, K., Kreuzer, M., & Straíf, K. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.061275 · Cited by 127
“The variances, which were derived from the CIs reported in the studies, were used to specify the residual variances in our models.(44) The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed by calculating a likelihood ratio test of the variance parameter that corresponded to the addition of a random effect for each study, and…”
Trends in overweight among US adults from 1987 to 1993: a multistate telephone survey.
Galuska, D. A., Serdula, M. K., Pamuk, E. R., Siegel, P. Z., & Byers, T. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.12.1729 · Cited by 125
Metadata
- Authors
- GREENLAND, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- ORCID
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- Venue
- Epidemiologic Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6729
- OpenAlex
- W1894101563
- Cited by
- 1,644
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 21.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- meta-analysis, quantitative methods, heterogeneity of study results
- MeSH terms
- Epidemiology, Humans, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Regression Analysis, Review Literature as Topic
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