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QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1
Abstract
SANDER GREENLAND; QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE 1, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1 January 1987, Pages 1–30, https:
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“Our meta-analysis supersedes previous stud- ies12 14 because it includes case-control studies (omitted in the study of Myers and Basinski12); pools data from a more compre- hensive set of studies (15 cohort studies compared with 11 analysed in Myers and Basinski,12 and five by Greenland14); and stratifies the analyses by disease end point, smoking, and sex.”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“One limitation of the prospective study design is the lag time between exposure assessment and outcome, which might potentially obscure acute effects of coffee intake on risk of heart disease.'4”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Since the frequency was relatively low (less than 1%) [27], the OR in case-control studies was considered approximations of HR in cohort studies [28].”
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“We assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the w2-test (Greenland, 1987), defining a significant heterogeneity as a P-value of less than 0.10, and quantified the inconsistency using the I2 statistic (Higgins et al., 2003).”
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“05.([21,22]) The level of heterogeneity was quantified using the I(2) statistic, which describes the percentage of total variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance.”
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BackgroundHua, R., Liang, G., & Yang, F. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019879 · Cited by 30
“As a result, the use of random-effects model was allowed to take into account the heterogeneity among studies.([56])”
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“Combining randomized controlled trials provides more evidence, but is clearly impossible in studying the aetiology of a chronic disease as in our case [43].”
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“The HR values in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models in each primary study were directly considered as RR values (Greenland, 1987).”
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“Statistical Analysis Because PD is a relatively uncommon disease, HR or OR is considered to mathematically approximate RR (22).”
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“Finally, using pooled VAR results (pooled using methods of Greenland [36]), we would expect that random dynamics would be associated with the most circularly causal predictors (using 1-day lagged coefficients in which predictors were significantly associated with subsequent IPV while IPV was significantly associated w…”
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“1), a fixed-effects model was adopted; otherwise, a random-effects model was applied [14].”
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“All the pooled data from cohort studies were expressed as RRs.”
BackgroundInfluentialGuo, X., Su, W., Wang, H., Li, N., Song, Q., Liang, Q., Sun, C., Liang, M., Zhou, Z., Song, E. J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2022.2066070 · Cited by 28
“In environmental epidemiology research, RR, and odds ratio (OR) provide an equivalent estimate of risk (Greenland 1987).”
BackgroundChen, Q., Wang, J., Yang, J., Jin, Z., Shi, W., Qin, Y., Yu, F., & He, J. (2014) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29331 · Cited by 28
“Because the absolute risk of CRC is low, the OR in case–control studies approximate the RR.22 We first performed a meta-analysis comparing the risk of CRC between the highest and lowest category of adult weight gain in all included studies.”
Circulating CD8+ T cells in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: A review
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Hormone replacement therapy and risk of meningioma in women: a meta-analysis
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“Because the risk of meningioma is low, the relative risk in prospective cohort studies mathematically approximates the odds ratio [23], therefore permitting the combination of case–control and cohort studies.”
BackgroundCarlson, J. J., Garrison, L. P., Ramsey, S. D., et al. (2009) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0595-3 · Cited by 26
“In situations in which only the hazard ratio and P value were provided in the text, we used the test-based method provided by Greenwood to estimate 95% conWdence intervals (Greenland 1987).”
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Proportional odds ratio model for comparison of diagnostic tests in meta-analysis
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Guo, Z., Gu, C., Li, S., Gan, S., Li, Y., Xiang, S., Gong, L., & Wang, S. (2021) · Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.11.022 · Cited by 24
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Metadata
- Authors
- GREENLAND, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- ORCID
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- Venue
- Epidemiologic Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6729
- OpenAlex
- W1894101563
- Cited by
- 1,644
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 21.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- meta-analysis, quantitative methods, heterogeneity of study results
- MeSH terms
- Epidemiology, Humans, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Regression Analysis, Review Literature as Topic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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