Cited by 1,644Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in EpidemiologyAdvanced Causal Inference Techniques

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QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1

GREENLAND, SANDER·1987·Epidemiologic Reviews

DOI 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036298

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Abstract

SANDER GREENLAND; QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE 1, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1 January 1987, Pages 1–30, https:

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Background
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Effects of Menstrual and Reproductive Factors on the Risk of Breast Cancer: Meta‐analysis of the Case‐Control Studies in Japan
Nagata, C., Hu, Y., & Shimizu, H. (1995) · Japanese Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03000.x · Cited by 57
Relationship of Dietary Intake of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids with Risk of Prostate Cancer Development: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies and Review of Literature
Chua, M. E., Sio, M. C. D., Sorongon, M. C., & Dy, J. S. (2012) · Prostate Cancer · doi:10.1155/2012/826254 · Cited by 57
“CI was used because confounding variables are not ignored and superior in pooling observational data [20].”
Method
Safety Assessment of Talc as Used in Cosmetics
Fiume, M. M., Boyer, I. J., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/1091581815586797 · Cited by 57
“Thus, the outcome provided no support for a causal association between perineal talc use and ovarian cancer.(188,198)”
Background
Overweight, obesity and the risk of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancers: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Li, L., Gan, Y., Li, W., Wu, C., & Lu, Z. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21505 · Cited by 61
“We combined the case–control and cohort studies in the primary meta-analysis because ORs and RRs provide similar estimates of risk when the outcome is rare (28).”
Method
Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses, and Esophageal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies
Cui, L., Liu, X., Tian, Y., Xie, C., Li, Q., Cui, H., & Sun, C. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8060350 · Cited by 59
“Since the absolute risk of esophageal cancer was low, the OR was theoretically similar to HR [38].”
Result
Neoadjuvant therapy versus upfront surgical strategies in resectable pancreatic cancer: A Markov decision analysis
de Geus, S. W. L., Evans, D. B., Bliss, L. A., Eskander, M. F., Smith, J. K., Wolff, R. A., Miksad, R. A., Weinstein, M. C., & Tseng, J. F. (2016) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2016.07.016 · Cited by 56
“To estimate pooled proportions and 95% confidence intervals for the probabilities in the model, we used random rather than fixed effect models in order to take into account the heterogeneity of the estimates.(19) Data were analyzed using a previously published Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for random effects models.”
Method
Risk of malignancy in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Deng, C., Li, W., Fei, Y., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32063 · Cited by 56
Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Shang, W., Li, Y., Ren, Y., et al. (2017) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0762-8 · Cited by 56
“HRs and RRs were directly considered as ORs [15].”
MethodInfluential
Association of Maternal Autoimmune Disease With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children
Nielsen, T. C., Nassar, N., Shand, A., Jones, H. F., Guastella, A. J., Dale, R. C., & Lain, S. J. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5487 · Cited by 60
Efficacy of cosmetic products in cellulite reduction: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Turati, F., Pelucchi, C., Marzatico, F., Ferraroni, M., Decarli, A., Gallus, S., Vecchia, C. L., & Galeone, C. (2013) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.12193 · Cited by 54
Antihypertensive drugs use and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 21 observational studies
Cao, L., Zhang, S., Jia, C., He, W., Wu, L., Li, Y.-Q., Wang, W., Li, Z., & Ma, J. (2018) · BMC Urology · doi:10.1186/s12894-018-0318-7 · Cited by 54
“Data synthesis and analysis Extracted RRs, HRs, ORs and SIRs and their 95% CIs that were adjusted for most confounders were pooled to compute the RR between antihypertensive drugs and prostate cancer risk [21].”
Method
Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence
Li, J., Deng, Z., Soerensen, S. J. C., Kachuri, L., Cárdenas, A., Graff, R. E., Leppert, J. T., Langston, M. E., & Chung, B. I. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48857-2 · Cited by 63
“Together with hazard ratios, incidence rate ratios, and risk ratios, they were summarized by meta-analysis to obtain pooled RRs 97 .”
Influential
A Bayesian approach to evaluating net clinical benefit allowed for parameter uncertainty
Sutton, A. J., Cooper, N. J., Abrams, K. R., Lambert, P. C., & Jones, D. R. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.03.015 · Cited by 55
Fish consumption and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis
Gao, M., Sun, K., Guo, M., Gao, H., Liu, K., Yang, C., Li, S., & Liu, N. (2014) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0512-1 · Cited by 55
Does pravastatin promote cancer in elderly patients? A meta-analysis
Bonovas, S., & Sitaras, N. M. (2007) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.060803 · Cited by 55
Constipation in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yao, L., Liang, W., Chen, J., Wang, Q., & Huang, X. (2022) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000527513 · Cited by 63
Association of change in physical activity and body weight with quality of life and mortality in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Otto, S. J., Korfage, I. J., Polinder, S., van der Heide, A., de Vries, E., Rietjens, J. A. C., & Soerjomataram, I. (2014) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2480-0 · Cited by 54
“When they were present, the HR values were naturally logarithm-transformed, and standard errors calculated using the Greenland formula [34].”
Method
Is Body Mass Index the Prognostic Factor in Breast Cancer?: A Meta-Analysis
Ryu, S. Y., Kim, C. B., Nam, C. M., Park, J. K., Kim, K. S., Park, J., Yoo, S. Y., & Cho, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2001.16.5.610 · Cited by 54
“A general variance-based method using the confidence intervals based on the assumption of fixed effects was used for calculating the overall effect size, 95% CI, and Q statistics by Greenland (25), Prentice and Thomas (26).”
MethodInfluential
Have You Ever Meta-Analysis You Didn't Like?
Goodman, S. N. (1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-3-244 · Cited by 54
Maternal cocaine use and low birth weight newborns: a meta-analysis
Hulse, G. K., English, D. R., Milne, E., Holman, C. D. J., & Bower, C. I. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02876.x · Cited by 55
Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk: a meta‐analysis of variations with age at diagnosis, parity and total duration of oral contraceptive use
Rushton, L., & Jones, D. R. H. (1992) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14506.x · Cited by 54
Sensitivity and specificity of the Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test for unconcentrated urine from adult patients with pneumonia: A meta‐analysis
Horita, N., Miyazawa, N., Kojima, R., et al. (2013) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.12163 · Cited by 53
Meta-analysis of the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and breast cancer risk
Wang, L., Liu, C., Zhou, C., Zhuang, J., Tang, S., Yu, J., Tian, J., Feng, F., Liu, L., Zhang, T., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0196-9 · Cited by 53
“We calculated pooled RR together with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the highest versus the lowest categories of DII score, under the premise that the original odds ratios (ORs) and hazard rates (HRs) reported in the text were seen as equivalent estimations for relative risks (RRs) [27].”
Method
Familial correlation of dietary intakes among postmenopausal women
Vachon, C. M., Sellers, T. A., Kushi, L. H., & Folsom, A. R. (1998) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2272(1998)15:6 · Cited by 13
Cigarette smoking and risk of uterine myoma: systematic review and meta-analysis
Chiaffarino, F., Ricci, E. D., Cipriani, S., Chiàntera, V., & Parazzini, F. (2015) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.11.023 · Cited by 52
“10 [19].”
Method
Sudden death in individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Heilbrunn, E. S., Ssentongo, P., Chinchilli, V. M., Oh, J. S., & Ssentongo, A. E. (2021) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000656 · Cited by 58
“14 Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev 1987;9:1–30. 15 Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a metaanalysis. Stat Med 2002;21:1539–58. 16 Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta- analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557–60. 17…”
Alcohol drinking and epithelial ovarian cancer risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rota, M., Pasquali, E., Scotti, L., Pelucchi, C., Tramacere, I., Islami, F., Negri, E., Boffetta, P., Bellocco, R., Corrao, G., et al. (2012) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.031 · Cited by 52
“Since cancer could be considered a relatively rare event, we assumed that odds ratios, risk ratios and rate ratios were all comparable estimates of the RR [38].”
Result
Meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor and cancer risk
Serrano, D., Gnagnarella, P., Raimondi, S., & Gandini, S. (2015) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000132 · Cited by 52
“Every measure of association, and corresponding CIs, was transformed into log relative risks, and the corresponding variance was calculated using the formula proposed by Greenland (1987).”
MethodInfluential

Authors: GREENLAND, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: GREENLAND, SANDER
ORCID: GREENLAND, SANDER
Venue: Epidemiologic Reviews
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1987
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-30
ISSN: 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
1478-6729
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036298
OpenAlex: W1894101563
Cited by: 1,644
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 21.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Keywords: meta-analysis, quantitative methods, heterogeneity of study results
MeSH terms: Epidemiology, Humans, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Regression Analysis, Review Literature as Topic

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QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1

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