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Cited by 392

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

What Motivates Effort? Evidence and Expert Forecasts

DellaVigna, Stefano, Pope, Devin·2018·The Review of Economic Studies
DOI 10.1093/restud/rdx033
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Abstract

How much do different monetary and non-monetary motivators induce costly effort? Does the effectiveness line up with the expectations of researchers and with results in the literature? We conduct a large-scale real-effort experiment with eighteen treatment arms. We examine the effect of (1) standard incentives; (2) behavioural factors like social preferences and reference dependence; and (3) non-monetary inducements from psychology. We find that (1) monetary incentives work largely as expected, including a very low piece rate treatment which does not crowd out effort; (2) the evidence is partly consistent with standard behavioural models, including warm glow, though we do not find evidence of probability weighting; (3) the psychological motivators are effective, but less so than incentives. We then compare the results to forecasts by 208 academic experts. On average, the experts anticipate several key features, like the effectiveness of psychological motivators. A sizeable share of experts, however, expects crowd-out, probability weighting, and pure altruism, counterfactually. As a further comparison, we present a meta-analysis of similar treatments in the literature. Overall, predictions based on the literature are correlated with, but underperform, the expert forecasts.

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Metadata

Authors
DellaVigna, S., & Pope, D.
Venue
The Review of Economic Studies
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2017-06-05
Volume
85
Issue
2
Pages
1029-1069
ISSN
  • 0034-6527 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-937X
DOI
10.1093/restud/rdx033
OpenAlex
W2346258676
Cited by
392
References
17
FWCI
89.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What Motivates Effort? Evidence and Expert Forecasts. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/restud/rdx033
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DellaVigna, S., & Pope, D. (2018). What Motivates Effort? Evidence and Expert Forecasts. The Review of Economic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdx033

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