Skin temperature and sleep-onset latency: Changes with age and insomnia
Abstract
Throughout the 24-hour day, the occurrence of sleep and wakefulness is closely related to changes in body temperatures. Changes in skin temperature may causally affect the ability to initiate and maintain sleep. First, we briefly summarize a previously proposed neurobiological mechanism that couples skin temperature to sleep propensity. Next we review previous findings on the relation between skin temperature and sleep-onset latency, indicating that sleep propensity can be enhanced by warming the skin to the level that normally occurs prior to--and during--sleep. Finally, we present new data indicating age- and insomnia-related changes in the sleep-onset latency response to foot warming, and evaluate whether different methods of foot warming could provide an applicable strategy to address sleep complaints. Foot temperature manipulations included footbaths before sleep onset (1), and heatable bed socks applied either before (2) or after lights-off (3). In adults, sleep-onset was accelerated by warm and neutral bed socks after lights-off and correlated to the increase in foot temperature. This increase was attenuated in elderly subjects. In elderly subjects without sleep difficulties, sleep onset could be accelerated with neutral bed socks after lights-off and a warm footbath prior to lights-off. In elderly insomniacs, none of the treatments accelerated sleep onset. We illustrate that elderly subjects show an attenuated increase in foot temperature after lights-off and lose the relationship between pre-sleep heat-loss activation and sleep latency. The sensitivity of sleep propensity to foot warming changes with age and is attenuated in age-related insomnia.
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The indirect endogenous skin warming procedure has been shown to improve subsequent sleep in several studies.
“Indeed, this indirect endogenous skin warming procedure has shown to improve subsequent sleep in several studies (reviewed in [68]).”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Raymann, Roy J.E.M.
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 257-266
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140237183
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- skin temperature, sleep latency, sleep propensity, insomnia, aging, foot bath, circadian temperature rhythm, sleep initiation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Temperature Regulation, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Skin Temperature, Sleep, Thermosensing, Wakefulness
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