Genetic and Environmental Determination of Human Sleep
Abstract
Self-reported sleep data from 2238 monozygotic and 4545 dizygotic adult twin pairs indicated a significant hereditary effect on sleep length [overall heritability estimate (h2 = 0.44)] and on sleep quality (h2 = 0.44). When the data were examined in subgroups defined by sex, age (18-24 years and 25 or more years of age), and cohabitation status of the twin pair, the highest heritability estimates for sleep length were for twins living together aged 25 or older. For twins living apart the heritability estimates were statistically significant in all women and men aged 25 or older. For sleep quality significant heritability estimates were found for all groups except women living together.
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Genetic differences account for 30-45% of variance in subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbances and for about 50% in physiological measures of sleep stages.
“Systematic twin studies using large samples indicate that genetic differences account for 30 -45% of the variance in subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbances (186, 526, 889) and for ϳ50% in physiological measures of sleep stages (137,737,738).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [889]
The Results (page unavailable) give an overall heritability estimate of 0.44 for self-reported sleep quality, within the claimed 30–45% range. The paper does not report a corresponding estimate for sleep disturbances. The physiological sleep-stage claim has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwin studies show sleep duration heritability between 31% and 55%, suggesting substantial genetic influences on sleep need.
“Twin studies show sleep duration heritability between 31% and 55%, suggesting substantial genetic influences on sleep need.23,48,49”
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Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Sleep inDrosophila melanogaster
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“Furthermore, human twin studies have estimated the narrow-sense heritability of 24-hr sleep time as 0.303 (De Castro 2002) and 0.44 (Partinen et al. 1983), and heritability of the number of wake-ups (i.e., 24-hr sleep bout number) as 0.256 (De Castro 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialA distinctive DNA methylation pattern in insufficient sleep
Lahtinen, A., Puttonen, S., Vanttola, P., Viitasalo, K., Sulkava, S., Pervjakova, N., Joensuu, A., Salo, P. P., Toivola, A., Härmä, M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38009-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Harbison, S. T., Negron, Y. L. S., Hansen, N. F., & Lobell, A. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007098 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Monozygotic twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome
Ball, N., Buchwald, D., Schmidt, D., Goldberg, J. H., Ashton, S., & Armitage, R. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00598-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Evans, D. S., Snitker, S., Wu, S.-H., Mody, A., Njajou, O. T., Perlis, M. L., Gehrman, P. R., Shuldiner, A. R., & Hsueh, W.-C. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.661 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Caylak, E. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33087 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Parsons, M. J., Lester, K. J., Barclay, N. L., Archer, S. N., Nolan, P. M., Eley, T. C., & Gregory, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12144 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Twin studies suggest that genetic influences partially underlie the variation seen for diurnal preference, sleep quality and sleep duration (Barclay et al., 2010a,b; Partinen et al., 1983).”
The genetics of obstructive sleep apnoea
Kent, B. D., Ryan, S., & McNicholas, W. T. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0b013e32833ef7fe · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Genome‐wide association study of sleep duration in the F innish population
Ollila, H. M., Kettunen, J., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Lammi, V., Silander, K., Kronholm, E., Perola, M., Lahti, J. M. T., Räikkönen, K., Widén, E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12175 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationMadrid‐Valero, J. J., Rubio‐Aparicio, M., Gregory, A. M., Sánchez‐Meca, J., & Ordoñana, J. R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.028 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Paunio et al. (2009) utilized a co-twin design and reported that poor sleep predicted life dissatisfaction assessed 6-years later, but not vice versa.”
Genetic and Environmental Factors in Breakfast Eating Patterns
Keski‐Rahkonen, A., Viken, R. J., Kaprio, J. A., Rissanen, A., & Rose, R. J. (2004) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:bege.0000038488.22974.b1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics of Narcolepsy and Other Sleep Disorders
Mignot, E. J.-M. (1997) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/515487 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Influences in Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Older Male Twins
Carmelli, D., Colrain, I. M., Swan, G. E., et al. (2004) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.5.917 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Thompson, M. D., Comings, D. E., Abu‐Ghazalah, R. M., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30047 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The contribution of genetics to sleep and sleep disorders has been establishedby avariety ofmethods including twin studies [Partinen et al., 1983; Whitton et al., 1985; Linkowski, 1999; Taheri andMignot, 2002].”
BackgroundGenetics of sleep and sleep disorders
Franken, P. (2003) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/1084 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Sleep and EEG patterns of monozygotic twins have a much higher resemblance than those of dizygotic twins or unrelated subjects (36-52), confirming that these complex traits are tightly controlled by genes and that environmental factors play a lesser role.”
BackgroundGenetic aspects of normal and disturbed sleep
Tafti, M. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“sleep disorders, and early genetic studies of human sleep in twins have revealed a substantial heritability for sleep patterns [10–13].”
BackgroundMultiple effects of planktivorous fish on algae through a pelagic trophic cascade
Ramcharan, C. W., France, R., & McQueen, D. J. (1996) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f96-224 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Sleep-Wake Behavior in 12-Year-Old Twins
Sletten, T. L., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Wright, M. J., Zhu, G., Naismith, S. L., Martin, N. G., & Hickie, I. B. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3136 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rusterholz, T., Tarokh, L., Dongen, H. P. A. V., & Achermann, P. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12483 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 2007) and under genetic control (De Castro, 2002; Hublin et al., 2013; Partinen et al., 1983), and individuals who consistently have either short or long sleep have been reported in the literature (Aeschbach et al.”
BackgroundGenetic and Immunologic Aspects of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
Parish, J. M. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.12-1219 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Are personality dimensions associated with sleep length in a large nationally representative sample?
Vincent, N., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. P. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.07.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The duration of sleep experienced is influenced by a number of variables, some of which include genetic predisposition [7-9], the timing of the onset of sleep in relation to the circadian rhythm of core body temperature [10], the presence of medical diseases [11,12], the use of medications that may shorten or lengthen…”
Inderkum, A. P., & Tarokh, L. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Partinen, M., Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M., Putkonen, P., & Langinvainio, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1983-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 179-185
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2402965734
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- sleep quality, heritability, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, twin pairs, genetic factors, environmental factors, sex differences, age differences, cohabitation status
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Environment, Female, Genetics, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Sleep, Time Factors, Twins, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic
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