Sleep, its regulation and possible mechanisms of sleep disturbances
Abstract
The state of sleep consists of different phases that proceed in successive, tightly regulated order through the night forming a physiological program, which for each individual is different but stabile from one night to another. Failure to accomplish this program results in feeling of unrefreshing sleep and tiredness in the morning. The program core is constructed by genetic factors but regulated by circadian rhythm and duration and intensity of day time brain activity. Many environmental factors modulate sleep, including stress, health status and ingestion of vigilance-affecting nutrients or medicines (e.g. caffeine). Acute sleep loss results in compromised cognitive performance, memory deficits, depressive mood and involuntary sleep episodes during the day. Moreover, prolonged sleep curtailment has many adverse health effects, as evidenced by both epidemiological and experimental studies. These effects include increased risk for depression, type II diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to voluntary restriction of sleep, shift work, irregular working hours, jet lag and stress are important factors that induce curtailed or bad quality sleep and/or insomnia. This review covers the current theories on the function of normal sleep and describes current knowledge on the physiologic effects of sleep loss. It provides insights into the basic mechanisms of the regulation of wakefulness and sleep creating a theoretical background for understanding different disturbances of sleep.
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Caffeine consumption in response to insufficient sleep may impair the onset and maintenance of subsequent sleep.
“The consumption of caffeine in response to insuf fi cient sleep may impair the onset and maintenance of subsequent sleep.”
From The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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Connections between sleep and cognition in older adults
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“However, the use of caffeine to stimulate wakefulness may result in impaired onset and maintenance of subsequent sleep [16], potentially creating a cycle of diminished sleep and subsequent caffeine reliance [17].”
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- Authors
- Porkka‐Heiskanen, T., Zitting, K. ‐., & Wigren, H. ‐.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Porkka‐Heiskanen, T.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06-21
- Volume
- 208
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 311-328
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-1716
- OpenAlex
- W1974936856
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep regulation, sleep stages, circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, cognitive performance, memory impairment, insomnia, shift work, jet lag, stress, caffeine, sleep duration, sleep quality, depression, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Brain, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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