Habitual sleep/wake patterns in the Old Order Amish: heritability and association with non-genetic factors
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the contribution of genetic and non-genetic factors on habitual sleep/wake patterns in a community-dwelling agrarian population using a physical activity monitoring device, the Actical. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study of healthy Old Order Amish enrolled in the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study. SETTING: Lancaster County, PA, USA. PARTICIPANTS: 723 healthy adults (54% men) with a mean age of 43.3 ± 13.8 years (range: 20-80). 96% of the subjects were connected into one 5-generation pedigree. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS: Participants wore Actical accelerometers 24 hours/day for 7 days to determine physical activity level, as well as habitual wake time, bedtime, and sleep duration. Participants completed the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), a modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a lifestyle questionnaire. A sub-study of 164 participants kept sleep diaries. RESULTS: Habitual wake time and bedtime determined by Actical were highly correlated with results from sleep diaries (r = 0.82 for wake time and 0.72 for bedtime, both P < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, occupation, and season, higher activity level was associated with earlier wake time but not with bedtime, and correspondingly with shorter sleep duration. After adjustment for the aforementioned factors and the effects of a shared household, habitual wake time, MEQ score, and ESS score showed significant heritability (wake time h(2) = 0.20, MEQ h(2) = 0.21, and ESS h(2) = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Objectively measured wake time, self-reported morningness-eveningness preference, and daytime sleepiness appear heritable and wake time may be associated with physical activity level.
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Variations in chronotype between urban and rural areas within the same country have been observed in Japanese adolescents and in adults in Brazil, India, and elsewhere.
“In addition to country-specific differences, variations in chronotype between urban and rural areas within the same country have been observed in Japanese adolescents (53, 59, 60) and in adults in Brazil, India, and elsewhere (61–63).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Evans, D. S., Snitker, S., Wu, S.-H., Mody, A., Njajou, O. T., Perlis, M. L., Gehrman, P. R., Shuldiner, A. R., & Hsueh, W.-C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hsueh, Wen-Chi
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC3079946
- OpenAlex
- W191381389
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG022782)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL072515)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007418)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR016500, M01RR 16500)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep-wake patterns, heritability, Old Order Amish, bedtime, sleep duration, physical activity, morningness-eveningness preference, daytime sleepiness, accelerometry, sleep diary, agricultural population
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Pennsylvania, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Wakefulness, Young Adult, Actigraphy
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