The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Whole-Body and Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Response to 14 Days of Highly Controlled Low Energy Availability in Endurance-Trained Females
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 14 days low energy availability (LEA) versus optimal energy availability (OEA) in endurance‐trained females on substrate utilization, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity; and the impact of metabolic changes on exercise performance. Twelve endurance‐trained females (V̇O 2max 55.2 ± 5.1 mL × min −1 × kg −1 ) completed two 14‐day randomized, blinded, cross‐over, controlled dietary interventions: (1) OEA (51.9 ± 2.0 kcal × kg fat‐free mass (FFM) −1 × day −1 ) and (2) LEA (22.3 ± 1.5 kcal × kg FFM −1 × day −1 ), followed by 3 days OEA. Participants maintained their exercise training volume during both interventions (approx. 8 h × week −1 at 79% heart rate max). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, glycogen, and maximal activity of CS, HAD, and PFK were unaltered with LEA. 20‐min time trial endurance performance was impaired by 7.8% (Δ −16.8 W, 95% CI: −23.3 to −10.4, p < .001) which persisted following 3 days refueling post‐LEA ( p < .001). Fat utilization was increased post‐LEA as evidenced by: (1) 99.4% ( p < .001) increase in resting plasma free fatty acids (FFA); (2) 270% ( p = .007) larger reduction in FFA in response to acute exercise; and (3) 28.2% ( p = .015) increase in resting fat oxidation which persisted during submaximal exercise ( p < .001). These responses were reversed with 3 days refueling. Daily glucose control (via CGM), HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, were unaffected by LEA. Skeletal muscle O 2 utilization and carbohydrate availability were not limiting factors for aerobic exercise capacity and performance; therefore, whether LEA per se affects aspects of training quality/recovery requires investigation.
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“contemporary consensus statements emphasise that REDs/LEA remains possible at any age and can present with heterogeneous, partly subclinical manifestations”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“studying master endurance runners will remain methodologically valuable because this cohort provides a well-established human model of “successful/healthy ageing”, allowing for the investigation of age-related physiological decline under conditions of sustained high training exposure, thereby reducing confounding by the typical age-related reduction in physical activity [55,72,79].”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
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Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.
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Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women
Loucks, A. B., Verdun, M., Heath, E. M., & (With the Technical Assistance of T. Law, S. A. J. R. T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37 · Cited by 539 · cited 1×
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Cited by
Jeppesen, J. S., Hellsten, Y., Melin, A. K., & Hansen, M. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70089 · Cited by 22
Self-citationOreská, Ľ., Kundeková, B., Varga, L., Stebelová, K., Okuliarová, M., Payer, J., & Sedliak, M. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14030121
Metadata
- Authors
- Caldwell, H. G., Jeppesen, J. S., Lossius, L. O., Atti, J. P., Durrer, C. G., Oxfeldt, M., Melin, A. K., Hansen, M., Bangsbo, J., Gliemann, L., & Hellsten, Y.
- Affiliations
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Sport Science Linnæus University Växjö/Kalmar Sweden
- ORCID
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-11-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 21
- ISSN
- 0892-6638
- 1530-6860
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 30
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk
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