Stressful Life Events in Depressed Adolescents: The Role of Dependent Events during the Depressive Episode
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine the relationship between stressful life events and major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents. Method Adolescents (aged 12 to 18 years) with a current episode of MDD based on Research Diagnostic Criteria (n = 39) and normal controls free of any Axis I lifetime psychiatric disorder (n = 35) were assessed using the Life Events Record. Results MDD and normal control adolescents had similar rates of total stressful life events in the year before being interviewed. Stressful life events were dichotomized into those that were most likely either independent of or dependent on the adolescent's influence/behavior. Depressed adolescents had significantly more dependent stressful life events during the previous year than did the normal controls. Further analyses showed that depressed adolescents with dependent stressful life events scored lower on symptom clusters and accordingly were less severely depressed than depressed adolescents without dependent life events. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that depressed adolescents have an increased risk for experiencing dependent life events. Furthermore, these data suggest that dependent life events in depressed adolescents are differentially associated with the type and severity of symptom presentation. The temporal occurrence, severity, and type of stressful life events as they relate to the onset, phenotypic expression, and maintenance of depression in adolescents need to be more fully understood.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Increased rates of major depression follow dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes.
“Increased rates of MD follow dSLEs7–9 and PDEs.10–12”
From Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression (2010) · cites this paper as [7]
The source is cited for the dSLE portion of the sentence, not the prior-depressive-episode portion. Its Abstract reports that depressed adolescents had more dependent stressful life events; the Discussion says most assessed events occurred during an existing depressive episode and that the study could not determine whether events preceded depression onset. It therefore does not support the claimed direction that increased rates of major depression follow dSLEs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13 · Cited by 5,147 · see citing works
Some Methods for Strengthening the Common χ 2 Tests
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001616 · Cited by 3,718 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Allgood-Merten B, Lewinsohn PM, Hops H (1990), Sex differences and adolescent depression. J Abnorm PsychoI99:55-63 American Psychiatric Association (1980), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMentalDisorders, 3rd edition (DSM-lII). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
- Brown GW, Harris TO, eds (1989), Life Events and Illness. New York: Guilford Press
- Hollingshead AB (1960), Four-Factor Index of Social Position. New Haven, CT: Yale Universiry Press
- Johnson JH (1986), Life Events as Stressors in Childhood and Adolescence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications
- Paykel E (1979a), Causal relationship between clinical depression and life events. In: Stress and Mental Disorder, Barrett J, ed. New York: Raven Press, pp 71-86
- Paykel E (1979b), Recent life events in the development of the depressive disorders. In: The Psychobiology ofthe Depressive Disorders: Implications for the Effects of Stress, Depue R, ed. New York: Academic Press, pp 245-262
Cited by
Sorted by citations
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · see citing works
Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years, Part I
BIRMAHER, B., RYAN, N. D., WILLIAMSON, D. E., BRENT, D. A., KAUFMAN, J., DAHL, R. E., PEREL, J., & NELSON, B. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011 · Cited by 2,076 · see citing works
Self-citationThe prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., Fairbank, J. A., & Angold, A. (2002) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1014851823163 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Alaimo, K., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.4.719 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Excessive Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Strategies
Millman, R. P., & Working Group on Sleepiness in Adolescents/Young Adults; and AAP Committee on Adolescence (2005) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0772 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Life events and suicidal ideation and behavior: a systematic review
Liu, R. T., & Miller, I. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.006 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Harkness, K. L., Bruce, A. E., & Lumley, M. N. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.730 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Consequences and Correlates of Adolescent Depression
Glied, S., & Pine, D. S. (2002) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.10.1009 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Perel, J., Dahl, R. E., Moreci, P., Nelson, B., Wells, W., & Ryan, N. D. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00470-2 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent life events as predictors of adult depression
Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., & Brook, J. S. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00331-1 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Environmental stress and psychiatric illness
Agid, O., Kohn, Y., & Lerer, B. (2000) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(00)89046-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Dependent Stressful Life Events and Prior Depressive Episodes in the Prediction of Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.136 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“These variables (and, where available, the original scales and publications showing their association with MD) were (1) birth year, (2) mean parental warmth measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument,33,34 (3) childhood sexual abuse,35,36 (4) parental loss due to death or divorce in childhood,37 (5) neuroticism measu…”
Harkness, K. L., Alavi, N., Monroe, S. M., Slavich, G. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Bagby, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020629 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Symptom specificity and the prospective generation of life events in adolescence.
Harkness, K. L., & Stewart, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015749 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- WILLIAMSON, D. E., BIRMAHER, B., ANDERSON, B. P., AL-SHABBOUT, M., & RYAN, N. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- WILLIAMSON, DOUGLAS E.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 591-598
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066629326
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- life events, major depressive disorder, adolescents, symptom severity, symptom clusters, depression maintenance, depression onset
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Severity of Illness Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
