The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances in depressed children with a history of abuse were examined. Thirteen depressed abused, 13 depressed nonabused, and 13 normal control children were given 1.0 microgram/kg of human corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) intravenously. Blood samples for corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol were obtained at nine intervals. When compared to depressed nonabused and normal control children, depressed abused children had significantly greater peak, total, and net ACTH secretion post-CRH. Increased ACTH secretion was only observed in depressed abused children experiencing ongoing chronic adversity (marital violence, emotional abuse, poverty, lack of supports). The pattern of findings of the depressed abused children experiencing ongoing adversity parallels the pattern of HPA axis dysregulation reported in animal studies of chronic stress. They add to a growing body of literature suggesting measures of past trauma and current adversity are important sources of variability in psychobiological correlates of major depression.
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Four CRH infusion studies found no significant difference in cortisol or ACTH secretion between MDD and non-MDD groups.
“Four studies compared cortisol levels post CRH infusion, but none found a significant difference in cortisol or ACTH secretion between MDD and non-MDD groups (Birmaher et al., 1996; Dorn et al., 1996; Kaufman et al., 1997; Ronsaville et al., 2006).”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: A meta-analysis (2009) · cites this paper as Kaufman et al., 1997
Effect sizes from Kaufman et al. (1997) for CRH infusion were -.13 for total cortisol production, -.14 for peak cortisol, and -.11 for pre-to-post change.
“The effect sizes were -.13, -.14, and -.11, respectively.”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: A meta-analysis (2009) · cites this paper as Kaufman et al., 1997
Depressed abused children have greater peak, total, and net ACTH secretion after CRH infusion than depressed nonabused and normal control children.
“Compared to the depressed nonabused and the normal control group children, the depressed abused children exhibited significantly greater peak, total, and net ACTH secretion post-CRH infusion.”
From The Differential Impacts of Early Physical and Sexual Abuse and Internalizing Problems on Daytime Cortisol Rhythm in School-Aged Children (2010) · cites this paper as Kaufman et al., 1997
Both De Bellis et al. and Kaufman et al. studies provide important information about HPA responses to CRH but had limited numbers of maltreated youths in the sample.
“Both studies provide important information about HPA responses to CRH but had limited numbers of maltreated youths in the sample.”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [17]
Kaufman et al. found no differences in cortisol secretion between depressed abused youth and control children, but depressed, abused youth who were continuing to experience chronic adversity showed increased ACTH secretion.
“There were no differences in cortisol secretion, but depressed, abused youth who were continuing to experience chronic adversity showed increased ACTH secretion.”
From Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project (2009) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Kaufman et al. (1997) demonstrated this in a study of clinically depressed youth administered a CRH-challenge test; they found only those who were currently experiencing significant family adversity exhibited altered HPA responses to the challenge.”
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- Authors
- Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Perel, J., Dahl, R. E., Moreci, P., Nelson, B., Wells, W., & Ryan, N. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaufman, Joan
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 669-679
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036151629
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k21mh001022-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5K21 MH 01022, P05 MH 41712)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- childhood depression, child abuse, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ACTH secretion, cortisol, chronic adversity, marital violence, emotional abuse, poverty, trauma
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Arousal, Child, Child Abuse, Circadian Rhythm, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Male, Personality Assessment, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Reference Values, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Polysomnography
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