Beyond words: how do children with ADHD and/or conduct problems process nonverbal information about affect?
Abstract
Objective To study nonverbal social cue perception in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 86), conduct problems (CP; n = 24), or both disorders (ADHD + CP; n = 63), as well as normal controls (n = 27).Method Using a standardized test of receptive nonverbal processing abilities, participants were required to interpret emotional cues from pictures of facial expressions and recordings of voices.Results As predicted, children with CP and ADHD were significantly less accurate at interpreting emotions than normal controls. However, children with CP and ADHD differed in the type of errors made: the ADHD group's errors were generally random in nature, whereas the CP group tended to misinterpret emotions as anger. Contrary to our hypothesis, the ADHD + CP group performed better than the ADHD and CP groups, was as accurate as the control group, and displayed a unique pattern of errors.Conclusions These results support the idea that social deficiencies associated with CP arise from a biased perception of emotion, whereas social problems in ADHD originate from a failure to attend to the appropriate cues of affect. The findings also support the theory that comorbid ADHD + CP is a distinct disorder.
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Earlier reports of social cognition deficits in ADHD might be explained by elevated ASD symptoms in those patients.
“Previous studies documenting on social cognition deficits in ADHD [47][48][49] may therefore possibly be explained by elevated levels of ASD symptoms in these ADHD patients.”
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- Authors
- CADESKY, E. B., MOTA, V. L., & SCHACHAR, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- SCHACHAR, RUSSELL J.
- ORCID
- SCHACHAR, RUSSELL J.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1160-1167
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1991348485
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems, facial expression interpretation, voice emotion recognition, social cue processing, social dysfunction, children
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Auditory Perception, Child, Cognition, Cues, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Models, Psychological, Nonverbal Communication, Social Behavior, Case-Control Studies, Conduct Disorder
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