Auditory Brain Stem Response to Complex Sounds: A Tutorial
Open accessAbstract
In Brief This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of the methodological approach to collecting and analyzing auditory brain stem responses to complex sounds (cABRs). cABRs provide a window into how behaviorally relevant sounds such as speech and music are processed in the brain. Because temporal and spectral characteristics of sounds are preserved in this subcortical response, cABRs can be used to assess specific impairments and enhancements in auditory processing. Notably, subcortical auditory function is neither passive nor hardwired but dynamically interacts with higher-level cognitive processes to refine how sounds are transcribed into neural code. This experience-dependent plasticity, which can occur on a number of time scales (e.g., life-long experience with speech or music, short-term auditory training, on-line auditory processing), helps shape sensory perception. Thus, by being an objective and noninvasive means for examining cognitive function and experience-dependent processes in sensory activity, cABRs have considerable utility in the study of populations where auditory function is of interest (e.g., auditory experts such as musicians, and persons with hearing loss, auditory processing, and language disorders). This tutorial is intended for clinicians and researchers seeking to integrate cABRs into their clinical or research programs. This tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of the methodological approach to collecting and analyzing auditory brain stem responses to complex sounds (cABRs). cABRs provide a window into how behaviorally relevant sounds such as speech and music are processed in the brain. Because temporal and spectral characteristics of sounds are preserved in this subcortical response, cABRs can be used to assess specific impairments and enhancements in auditory processing. Notably, subcortical function is neither passive nor hardwired but dynamically interacts with higher-level cognitive processes to refine how sounds are transcribed into neural code. This experience-dependent plasticity, which can occur on a number of time scales (e.g., life-long experience with speech or music, short-term auditory training, online auditory processing), helps shape sensory perception. Thus, by being an objective and noninvasive means for examining cognitive function and experience-dependent processes in sensory activity, cABRs have considerable utility in the study of populations where auditory function is of interest (e.g., auditory experts such as musicians, persons with hearing loss, auditory processing and language disorders). This tutorial is intended for clinicians and researchers seeking to integrate cABRs into their clinical and/or research programs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cABR characterizes the sensory encoding of the acoustic properties of complex sounds in the early stages/lower level of auditory processing.
“Another neural process, namely, the complex auditory brainstem response (cABR) has received increased research interest in recent years as a measure that characterizes the sensory encoding of the acoustic properties of complex sounds (e.g., speech sounds) in the early stages/lower level of auditory processing [41].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series
Cooley, J. W., & Tukey, J. W. (1965) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-1965-0178586-1 · Cited by 13,154 · see citing works
Structure and function of auditory cortex: music and speech
Zatorre, R. J., Belin, P., & Penhune, V. B. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01816-7 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
AUDITORY-EVOKED FAR FIELDS AVERAGED FROM THE SCALP OF HUMANS
Jewett, D. L., & Williston, J. S. (1971) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/94.4.681 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Temporal information in speech: acoustic, auditory and linguistic aspects
Rosen, S. (1992) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1992.0070 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
How young and old adults listen to and remember speech in noise.
Pichora-Fuller, M. K., Schneider, B. A., & Daneman, M. (1995) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.412282 · Cited by 1,089 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although everyone experiences reduced speech perception in noise, children with auditory processing disorders and language-based learning impairments, older adults, and individuals with sensorineural hearing loss often experience excessive difficulty in suboptimal listening situations (Dubno et al. 1984; Pichora-Fulle…”
Starr, A., Picton, T. W., Sininger, Y., et al. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.741 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns
Wong, P. C. M., Skoe, E., Russo, N. M., Dees, T., & Kraus, N. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1872 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman auditory evoked potentials. II: Effects of attention
Picton, T. W., & Hillyard, S. A. (1974) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(74)90156-4 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Multidimensional perceptual scaling of musical timbres
Grey, J. M. (1977) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.381428 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Human Auditory Evoked Potentials: Possible Brain Stem Components Detected on the Scalp
Jewett, D. L., Romano, M. N., & Williston, J. S. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.167.3924.1517 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music
Musacchia, G., Sams, M. E., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701498104 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of age and mild hearing loss on speech recognition in noise
Dubno, J. R., Dirks, D. D., & Morgan, D. E. (1984) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.391011 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Young, E. D., & Sachs, M. B. (1979) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.383532 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Otoacoustic emissions, their origin in cochlear function, and use
Kemp, D. T. (2002) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/63.1.223 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Musician Enhancement for Speech-In-Noise
Parbery‐Clark, A., Skoe, E., Lam, C., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0b013e3181b412e9 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory attention — focusing the searchlight on sound
Fritz, J. B., Elhilali, M., David, S. V., & Shamma, S. (2007) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.011 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Periodicity coding in the inferior colliculus of the cat. I. Neuronal mechanisms
Langner, G. D., & Schreiner, C. E. (1988) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1988.60.6.1799 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Auditory Neurophysiologic Responses and Discrimination Deficits in Children with Learning Problems
Kraus, N., McGee, T., Carrell, T. D., Zecker, S. G., Nicol, T. G., & Koch, D. B. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.971 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationEncoding of pitch in the human brainstem is sensitive to language experience
Krishnan, A., Xu, Y., Gandour, J. T., & Cariani, P. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.05.004 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
The scalp-recorded brainstem response to speech: Neural origins and plasticity
Chandrasekaran, B., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00928.x · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citationParbery‐Clark, A., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3256-09.2009 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvelope and spectral frequency-following responses to vowel sounds
Aiken, S. J., & Picton, T. W. (2008) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2008.08.004 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Brainstem responses to speech syllables
Russo‐Ponsaran, N. M., Nicol, T. G., Musacchia, G., et al. (2004) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.04.003 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Auditory training improves neural timing in the human brainstem
Russo‐Ponsaran, N. M., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., Hayes, E. A., & Kraus, N. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.012 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory steady-state responses to multiple simultaneous stimuli
Lins, O. G., & Picton, T. W. (1995) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(95)00048-w · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Cunningham, J., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., Bradlow, A. R., & Kraus, N. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00465-5 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasticity in the Adult Human Auditory Brainstem following Short-term Linguistic Training
Song, J. H., Skoe, E., Wong, P. C. M., & Kraus, N. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20131 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeech‐perception‐in‐noise deficits in dyslexia
Ziegler, J. C., Pech‐Georgel, C., George, F., & Lorenzi, C. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00817.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Reading and Subcortical Auditory Function
Banai, K., Hornickel, J., Skoe, E., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp024 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationChandrasekaran, B., Hornickel, J., Skoe, E., Nicol, T. G., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.006 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeech acoustic-cue discrimination abilities of normally developing and language-impaired children
Tallal, P. A., & Stark, R. E. (1981) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.385431 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Musacchia, G., Strait, D. L., & Kraus, N. (2008) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2008.04.013 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationBrainstem origins for cortical ‘what’ and ‘where’ pathways in the auditory system
Kraus, N., & Nicol, T. G. (2005) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.02.003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural plasticity following auditory training in children with learning problems
Hayes, E. A., Warrier, C. M., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., & Kraus, N. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00414-5 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationSubcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception
Hornickel, J., Skoe, E., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0901123106 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociative representational plasticity in the auditory cortex: a synthesis of two disciplines
Weinberger, N. M. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.421807 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Deficient brainstem encoding of pitch in children with autism spectrum disorders
Russo, N. M., Skoe, E., Trommer, B., Nicol, T., Zecker, S., Bradlow, A., & Kraus, N. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.108 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationAtiani, S., Elhilali, M., David, S. V., Fritz, J. B., & Shamma, S. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.027 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Scalp-recorded early responses in man to frequencies in the speech range
Moushegian, G., Rupert, A. L., & Stillman, R. D. (1973) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(73)90223-x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Deficits in auditory brainstem pathway encoding of speech sounds in children with learning problems
King, C. D., Warrier, C. M., Hayes, E. A., & Kraus, N. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02556-3 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationStrait, D. L., Kraus, N., Skoe, E., & Ashley, R. D. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06617.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationBidelman, G. M., & Krishnan, A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3900-09.2009 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Binaural Interaction in Brainstem-Evoked Responses
Dobie, R. A., & Berlín, C. I. (1979) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1979.00790190017004 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Brainstem Timing: Implications for Cortical Processing and Literacy
Banai, K., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., & Kraus, N. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2373-05.2005 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationWible, B., Nicol, T. G., & Kraus, N. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.02.002 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective Subcortical Enhancement of Musical Intervals in Musicians
Lee, K. M., Skoe, E., Kraus, N., & Ashley, R. D. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6133-08.2009 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomy and Physiology of Binaural Hearing
Moore, D. R. (1991) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/00206099109072878 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Experience‐induced Malleability in Neural Encoding of Pitch, Timbre, and Timing
Kraus, N., Skoe, E., Parbery‐Clark, A., et al. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04549.x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationBrainstem transcription of speech is disrupted in children with autism spectrum disorders
Russo, N., Nicol, T., Trommer, B., Zecker, S., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00790.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationWible, B. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh367 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Human frequency-following responses: representation of steady-state synthetic vowels
Krishnan, A. (2002) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(02)00327-1 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch contours in Chinese tones
Krishnan, A., Xu, Y., Gandour, J. T., et al. (2004) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-5955(03)00402-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Learning to Encode Timing: Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Auditory Brainstem
Tzounopoulos, T., & Kraus, N. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.002 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental Plasticity in the Human Auditory Brainstem
Johnson, K. L., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0012-08.2008 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Brugge, J. F., Anderson, D. J., Hind, J. E., et al. (1969) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1969.32.3.386 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The role of the auditory brainstem in processing linguistically-relevant pitch patterns
Krishnan, A., & Gandour, J. T. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Intelligible speech encoded in the human brain stem frequency-following response
Galbraith, G. C., Arbagey, P. W., Branski, R., et al. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199511270-00021 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Krishnan, A., Swaminathan, J., & Gandour, J. T. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21077 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Akhoun, I., Gallégo, S., Moulin, A. M., et al. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.12.010 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
On the Relationship between Speech- and Nonspeech-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses
Song, J. H., Banai, K., Russo‐Ponsaran, N. M., et al. (2006) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000093058 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Wavelet Transform in the analysis of the frequency composition of evoked potentials
Quiroga, R. Q., Sakowitz, O. W., Başar, E., & Schürmann, M. (2001) · Brain Research Protocols · doi:10.1016/s1385-299x(01)00077-0 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Neural temporal coding of low pitch. I. Human frequency-following responses to complex tones
Greenberg, S., Marsh, J. T., Brown, W. S., et al. (1987) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/0378-5955(87)90083-9 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound Processing in the Brain
Luo, F., Wang, Q., Kashani, A., & Yan, J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3972-08.2008 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Subcortical Laterality of Speech Encoding
Hornickel, J., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2008) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000188533 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo-channel brain-stem frequency-following responses to pure tone and missing fundamental stimuli
Galbraith, G. C. (1994) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(94)90100-7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Experience-dependent neural representation of dynamic pitch in the brainstem
Krishnan, A., Gandour, J. T., Bidelman, G. M., et al. (2009) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283263000 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Seeing speech affects acoustic information processing in the human brainstem
Musacchia, G., Sams, M. E., Nicol, T. G., & Kraus, N. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0071-5 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationSensory-based learning disability: Insights from brainstem processing of speech sounds
Banai, K., Abrams, D. A., & Kraus, N. (2007) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992020701383035 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationBrainstem encoding of voiced consonant–vowel stop syllables
Johnson, K. L., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., et al. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.277 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Auditory Brain Stem Response for Objective Measures of Hearing
Sininger, Y. S. (1993) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/00003446-199302000-00004 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Auditory Selective Attention Modulates Activation of Human Inferior Colliculus
Rinne, T., Balk, M. H., Koistinen, S., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90607.2008 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Time--frequency analysis of biosignals
Addison, P. S., Walker, J., & Guido, R. C. (2009) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/memb.2009.934244 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Brain stem frequency-following response to dichotic vowels during attention
Galbraith, G. C., Bhuta, S. M., Choate, A. K., et al. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199806010-00041 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Envelope Following Responses to Natural Vowels
Aiken, S. J., & Picton, T. W. (2006) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000092589 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Chandrasekaran, B., Gandour, J. T., & Krishnan, A. (2007) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2007-253403 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Auditory Brainstem Correlates of Perceptual Timing Deficits
Johnson, K. L., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., & Kraus, N. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.376 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecificity of experience-dependent pitch representation in the brainstem
Xu, Y., Krishnan, A., & Gandour, J. T. (2006) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000236865.31705.3a · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Selective attention affects human brain stem frequency-following response
Galbraith, G. C., Olfman, D., & Huffman, T. M. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200304150-00015 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Brain stem evoked response to forward and reversed speech in humans
Galbraith, G. C., Amaya, E. M., de Rivera, J. M. D., Donan, N. M., Duong, M. T., Hsu, J. N., Tran, K. L., & Tsang, L. P. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200409150-00012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Auditory Brainstem Frequency Following Responses to Waveform Envelope Periodicity
Hall, J. W. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.472748 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Audio–vocal system regulation in children with autism spectrum disorders
Russo‐Ponsaran, N. M., Larson, C. R., & Kraus, N. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1348-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPlyler, P. N., & Ananthanarayan, A. K. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Audiology · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1745643 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between physiological measures of cochlear and brainstem function
Dhar, S., Abel, R., Hornickel, J., et al. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.172 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Selective attention and brainstem frequency-following responses
Galbraith, G. C., & Arroyo, C. (1993) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(93)90024-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Akhoun, I., Moulin, A. M., Jeanvoine, A., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.07.026 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Galbraith, G. C., & Doan, B. Q. (1995) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(95)00008-g · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Stimulus Rate and Subcortical Auditory Processing of Speech
Krizman, J., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2010) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000289572 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationRecording Human Evoked Potentials That Follow the Pitch Contour of a Natural Vowel
Dajani, H. R., Purcell, D., Wong, W., Kunov, H., & Picton, T. W. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2005.851499 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Speech and Music Have Different Requirements for Spectral Resolution
Shannon, R. V. (2005) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(05)70004-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Swaminathan, J., Krishnan, A., Gandour, J. T., et al. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2007.896592 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sensitive Response to Low-Frequency Cochlear Distortion Products in the Auditory Midbrain
Abel, C., & Kössl, M. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90805.2008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Detection and Recognition of Stop Consonants by Normal.Hearing and Hearing Impaired Listeners
Turner, C. W., Fabry, D. A., Barrett, S., et al. (1992) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.3504.942 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Krishnan, A., & McDaniel, S. S. (1998) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000013801 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Frequency-Following Response: Effects of Interaural Time and Intensity Differences
Ballachanda, B. B., & Moushegian, G. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Audiology · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1748003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Brainstem Frequency-Following Responses and Cortical Event-Related Potentials during Attention
Galbraith, G. C., & Kane, J. M. (1993) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1231 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An Auditory Neural Correlate Suggests a Mechanism Underlying Holistic Pitch Perception
Wile, D. J., & Balaban, E. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000369 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effects of spatial attention on the brain stem frequency-following potential
Hoormann, J., Falkenstein, M., & Hohnsbein, J. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000134932.89313.3b · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The transducer characteristic of hair cells in the human ear: a possible objective measure
Regan, D. M., & Regan, M. P. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91364-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Comparison of the acoustic and neural distortion product at 2f1-f2 in normal-hearing adults
Elsisy, H., & Krishnan, A. (2008) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992020801987396 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Don, M., Vermiglio, A. J., Ponton, C. W., et al. (1996) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.415858 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Asymmetric frequency-following responses.
Ballachanda, B. B., Rupert, A. L., & Moushegian, G. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- Bradlow AR Kraus N Hayes E Speaking clearly for children with learning disabilities: Sentence perception in noise J Speech Lang Hear Res 2003 46 80 97 12647890
- Burkard RF Eggermont JJ Don M Auditory evoked potentials: Basic principles and clinical application 2007 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia
- Elberling C Don M Burkard RF Eggermont JJ Don M Detecting and assessing synchronous neural activity in the temporal domain (snr, response detection) Auditory evoked potentials: Basic principles and clinical application 2007 102 123 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
- Everest FA ebrary Inc. The master handbook of acoustics 2001 xix, 615 McGraw-Hill New York 4th ed.
- Fletcher NH Rossing TD The physics of musical instruments 1991 Springer-Verlag New York
- Holmes J Holmes W Speech synthesis and recognition 2002 Taylor & Francis, Inc
- Howard DM Angus JAS Acoustics and psychoacoustics 2001 Focal Press Oxford; Boston 2nd ed.
- Klatt D Software for cascade/parallel formant synthesizer Journal for the Acoustic Society of America 1976 67 971 975
- Krishnan A Burkard RF Eggermont JJ Don M Frequency-following response Auditory evoked potentials: Basic principles and clinical application 2007 313 335 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
- Maddieson I Patterns of sounds 1984 Cambridge University Press Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York
- Nunez PL Srinivasan R Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of eeg 2006 Oxford University Press Oxford; New York 2nd ed.
- Palmer A Shamma S Greenberg S Ainsworth WA Popper AN Fay RR Physiological representations of speech Speech processing in the auditory system, Vol. Springer handbook of auditory research 2004 18 xiv, 476 Springer New York
- Porat B A course in digital signal processing 1997 John Wiley New York
- Robinson K Patterson RD The stimulus duration required to identify vowels, their octave, and their pitch chroma The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1995 98 1858 1865
- Starr A Don M Picton TW Brain potentials evoked by acoustic stimuli Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology (revised volume 3). Human event-related potentials 1988 97 157 Elsevier Amsterdam
- Thornton ARD Burkard RF Eggermont JJ Don M Instrumentation and recording parameters Auditory evoked potentials: Basic principles and clinical application 2007 42 72 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
- van Drongelen W Signal processing for neuroscientists: Introduction to the analysis of physiological signals 2007 Academic Press Burlington, Mass.
- Wallisch P Matlab for neuroscientists: An introduction to scientific computing in matlab 2009 Elsevier/Academic Press Amsterdam; Boston
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evolving perspectives on the sources of the frequency-following response
Coffey, E. B. J., Nicol, T., White-Schwoch, T., Chandrasekaran, B., Krizman, J., Skoe, E., Zatorre, R. J., & Kraus, N. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13003-w · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationTracing the Trajectory of Sensory Plasticity across Different Stages of Speech Learning in Adulthood
Reetzke, R., Xie, Z., Llanos, F., & Chandrasekaran, B. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.026 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Music, Noise-Exclusion, and Learning
Chandrasekaran, B., & Kraus, N. (2010) · Music Perception · doi:10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.297 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationLinguistic effect on speech perception observed at the brainstem
Zhao, T. C., & Kuhl, P. K. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800186115 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Font-Alaminos, M., Cornella, M., Costa-Faidella, J., Hervás, A., Leung, S., Rueda, I., & Escera, C. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107807 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Tecoulesco, L., Skoe, E., & Naigles, L. R. (2020) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104810 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory Processing Differences in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Jones, M. K., Kraus, N., Bonacina, S., Nicol, T., Otto-Meyer, S., & Roberts, M. Y. (2020) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00061 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGoble, G., Hennessy, V., Cheng, T.-H. Z., Rodda, A., Taulu, S., Gordon, R. L., & Zhao, T. C. (2026) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335596
- Authors
- Skoe, E., & Kraus, N.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Skoe, Erika
- Venue
- Ear & Hearing
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 302-324
- ISSN
- 0196-0202 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2868335
- OpenAlex
- W2037918173
- Cited by
- 775
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Ear and Hearing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01-DC01510, F32DC008052, R01DC001510)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
- Keywords
- auditory brainstem response, complex sounds, subcortical auditory processing, experience-dependent plasticity, auditory training, speech processing, music processing, hearing loss, auditory processing disorders, language disorders, musicians
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Pathways, Education, Medical, Continuing, Hearing Disorders, Humans, Language Disorders, Music, Neuronal Plasticity, Phonetics, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
