The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racism and Child Health: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Racism is a mechanism through which racial/ethnic disparities occur in child health. To assess the present state of research into the effects of racism on child health, a review of the literature was undertaken. METHODS: A MEDLINE review of the literature was conducted between October and November 2007. Studies reporting on empirical research relating to racism or racial discrimination as a predictor or contributor to a child health outcome were included in this review. The definition of "child health" was broad and included behavioral, mental, and physical health. RESULTS: Forty articles describing empirical research on racism and child health were found. Most studies (65%) reported on research performed on behavioral and mental health outcomes. Other areas studied included birth outcomes, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and satisfaction with care. Most research has been conducted on African-American samples (70%), on adolescents and on older children, and without a uniformly standardized approach to measuring racism. Furthermore, many studies used measures that were created for adult populations. CONCLUSIONS: There are a limited number of studies evaluating the relationship between racism and child health. Most studies, to date, show relationships between perceived racism and behavioral and mental health. Future studies need to include more ethnically diverse minority groups and needs to consider studying the effects of racism in younger children. Instruments need to be developed that measure perceptions of racism in children and youth that take into account the unique contexts and developmental levels of children, as well as differences in the perception of racism in different ethnocultural groups. Furthermore, studies incorporating racism as a specific psychosocial stressor that can potentially have biophysiologic sequelae need to be conducted to understand the processes and mechanisms through which racism may contribute to child health disparities.
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“The ecological-developmental approach is consistent with theories of how racism impacts health, including mental health, via biological, social, and psychological pathways (including through racial inequality in socioeconomic status, but also via multiple other independent mechanisms) (34).”
From Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
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“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
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Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care.
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From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development
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Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,830
Racial/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.200 · Cited by 2,634
An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x · Cited by 2,360
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Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
“They have found consistent, adverse associations with mental health, while for the few that also examined physical health findings were mixed [14, 15, 26, 27].”
BackgroundMental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., Black, L. I., Jones, S. E., Danielson, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Davis Jack, S. P., Brody, D. J., Gyawali, S., et al. (2022) · MMWR Supplements · doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 · Cited by 1,723
Cronholm, P. F., Forke, C. M., Wade, R., Bair-Merritt, M. H., Davis, M., Harkins-Schwarz, M., Pachter, L. M., & Fein, J. A. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001 · Cited by 1,064
Self-citationThe Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., HEALTH, S. O. A., COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., Fanburg, J., Rahmandar, M. H., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1765 · Cited by 1,002
Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 · Cited by 1,060
Metadata
- Authors
- Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pachter, Lee M.
- ORCID
- Pachter, Lee M.
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-263
- ISSN
- 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2794434
- OpenAlex
- W2028763599
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD040348)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- racism, child health, racial disparities, racial discrimination, perceived racism, child mental health, child behavioral health, psychosocial stressors, birth outcomes, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, satisfaction with care, African American children, ethnic minority children
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Behavior, Mental Disorders, Child, Depression, Ethnicity, Health Status, Humans, Models, Psychological, Parents, Perception, Prejudice, Self Concept, Patient Satisfaction, Substance-Related Disorders, Health Status Disparities
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