Cited by 292Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesChild and Adolescent Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Racism and Child Health: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions

Open access

Pachter, Lee M., Coll, Cynthia García·2009·Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics

DOI 10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181a7ed5aPMC PMC2794434

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Racism is a mechanism through which racial/ethnic disparities occur in child health. To assess the present state of research into the effects of racism on child health, a review of the literature was undertaken. METHODS: A MEDLINE review of the literature was conducted between October and November 2007. Studies reporting on empirical research relating to racism or racial discrimination as a predictor or contributor to a child health outcome were included in this review. The definition of "child health" was broad and included behavioral, mental, and physical health. RESULTS: Forty articles describing empirical research on racism and child health were found. Most studies (65%) reported on research performed on behavioral and mental health outcomes. Other areas studied included birth outcomes, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and satisfaction with care. Most research has been conducted on African-American samples (70%), on adolescents and on older children, and without a uniformly standardized approach to measuring racism. Furthermore, many studies used measures that were created for adult populations. CONCLUSIONS: There are a limited number of studies evaluating the relationship between racism and child health. Most studies, to date, show relationships between perceived racism and behavioral and mental health. Future studies need to include more ethnically diverse minority groups and needs to consider studying the effects of racism in younger children. Instruments need to be developed that measure perceptions of racism in children and youth that take into account the unique contexts and developmental levels of children, as well as differences in the perception of racism in different ethnocultural groups. Furthermore, studies incorporating racism as a specific psychosocial stressor that can potentially have biophysiologic sequelae need to be conducted to understand the processes and mechanisms through which racism may contribute to child health disparities.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181a7ed5a

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Stress, appraisal, and coping
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care.
Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. (2003) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/1bbm-d7bq · Cited by 6,567
Health Care Disparities
Capps, L. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2487-b · Cited by 4,558
From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development
(2000) · doi:10.17226/9824 · Cited by 4,484
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,830
Racial/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.200 · Cited by 2,634
An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x · Cited by 2,360
Self-citation
An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R. R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K. A., Wasik, B. H., & García, H. A. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131600 · Cited by 2,304
Self-citation
Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health
Krieger, N., Smith, K., Naishadham, D., Hartman, C., & Barbeau, E. M. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006 · Cited by 1,704
A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health
Paradies, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl056 · Cited by 1,681
The Crucible Within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants
Rumbaut, R. G. (1994) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2547157 · Cited by 1,337
Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults
Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370 · Cited by 1,296
Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race
Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.16 · Cited by 1,265
The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences
Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984960222002 · Cited by 1,154
Discrimination Distress During Adolescence
Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1026455906512 · Cited by 1,079
Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues
Daley, D. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00125_4.x · Cited by 1,052
Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates.
Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218 · Cited by 1,047
The Influence of Ethnic Discrimination and Ethnic Identification on African American adolescents' School and Socioemotional Adjustment
Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106012 · Cited by 1,004
Racial Identity, Racial Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Psychological Distress among African American Young Adults
Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk‐Cone, K., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/1519781 · Cited by 933
Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure?
Krieger, N. (1990) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90307-e · Cited by 929
Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents
Sellers, R. M., Copeland‐Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. (2006) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x · Cited by 897
Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans
Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212 · Cited by 889
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
Care, A. T., Edmunds, M., & Coye, M. J. (1998) · Cited by 873
Maternal Stress and Preterm Birth
Dole, N. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf176 · Cited by 848
Racial/ethnic bias and health. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies.
Williams, Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · Cited by 795
Perceived Discrimination and the Adjustment of African American Youths: A Five-Year Longitudinal Analysis With Contextual Moderation Effects
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x · Cited by 712
Latino adolescents’ mental health: Exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms
Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., & Updegraff, K. A. (2006) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.08.002 · Cited by 702
Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use in African American Parents and Their Children: A Panel Study.
Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Wills, T. A., & Brody, G. H. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.517 · Cited by 601
Stressed or Stressed out: What Is the Difference?
McEwen, B. S. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0540 · Cited by 593
Invited commentary: “Race, racism, and the practice of epidemiology”
Jones, C. P. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/154.4.299 · Cited by 532
The concept of race and health status in America.
Williams, D. R., Lavizzo-Mourey, R., & Warren, R. C. (1994) · PubMed Central · doi:10.13016/ltkr-rams · Cited by 529
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Utilization of Mental Health Services Among High-Risk Youths
Garland, A. F., Lau, A. S., Yeh, M., McCabe, K. M., Hough, R. L., & Landsverk, J. A. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1336 · Cited by 528
Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: An assessment of the evidence
Harrell, J. P., Hall, S., & Taliaferro, J. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.243 · Cited by 517
Prejudice as stress: Conceptual and measurement problems
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.262 · Cited by 504
Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis
SIMONS, R. L., MURRY, V., MCLOYD, V., LIN, K.-H., CUTRONA, C., & CONGER, R. D. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579402002109 · Cited by 480
Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent.
Romero, A. J., & ROBERTS, R. E. (2003) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.171 · Cited by 421
Very Low Birthweight in African American Infants: The Role of Maternal Exposure to Interpersonal Racial Discrimination
Collins, J. W., David, R. J., Handler, A. S., Wall, S. N., & Andes, S. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.12.2132 · Cited by 406
Self-Reported Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Black–White Differences in Preterm and Low-Birthweight Deliveries: The CARDIA Study
Mustillo, S., Krieger, N., Gunderson, E. P., Sidney, S. S., McCreath, H. E., & Kiefe, C. I. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.12.2125 · Cited by 376
Perceived racism and blood pressure: A review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique
Brondolo, E. N., Rieppi, R., Kelly, K. P., & Gerin, W. (2003) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2501_08 · Cited by 347
Perceived Discrimination and Early Substance Abuse among American Indian Children
Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., McMorris, B. J., Chen, X., & Stubben, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090187 · Cited by 316
Child Psychology
Balter, L., & Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S. (2005) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203943236 · Cited by 291
The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans.
McNeilly, M., Anderson, N. B., Armstead, C. A., Clark, R., Corbett, M., Robinson, E. L., Pieper, C. F., & Lepisto, E. M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 280
African American Girls??? Smoking Habits and Day-to-Day Experiences With Racial Discrimination
Guthrie, B. J., Young, A. M., Williams, D. R., Boyd, C. J., & Kintner, E. K. (2002) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200205000-00007 · Cited by 277
Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research
Paradies, Y. (2006) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581590600828881 · Cited by 271
Racial Discrimination as a Moderator of the Links Among Stress, Maternal Psychological Functioning, and Family Relationships
Murry, V. M., Brown, P. A., Brody, G. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Simons, R. L. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00915.x · Cited by 267
Racial/ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents.
Desantis, A., Adam, E., Doane, L. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R., & Craske, M. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.006 · Cited by 251
Discrimination and Puerto Rican children's and adolescents' mental health.
Szalacha, L. A., Erkut, S., Coll, C. G., Alarcón, O., Fields, J. P., & Ceder, I. (2003) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.141 · Cited by 244
Self-citation
Psychosocial Factors and Preterm Birth Among African American and White Women in Central North Carolina
Dole, N., Savitz, D. A., Siega‐Riz, A. M., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., McMahon, M. J., & Buekens, P. M. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.8.1358 · Cited by 237
The Impact of Perceived Racism: Psychological Symptoms Among African American Boys
Nyborg, V. M., & Curry, J. F. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3202_11 · Cited by 229
Race and Gender Influences on Adjustment in Early Adolescence: Investigation of an Integrative Model
DuBois, D. L., Burk–Braxton, C., Swenson, L. P., Tevendale, H. D., & Hardesty, J. L. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00491 · Cited by 212
The impact of ecological risk and perceived discrimination on the psychological adjustment of African American and European American youth
Prelow, H. M., Danoff‐Burg, S., Swenson, R. R., & Pulgiano, D. (2004) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20007 · Cited by 200
Supportive Parenting Moderates the Effect of Discrimination upon Anger, Hostile View of Relationships, and Violence among African American Boys
Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., BURT, C. H., Drummund, H., Stewart, E., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700405 · Cited by 193
Low-Income African-American Mothers’ Perception of Exposure to Racial Discrimination and Infant Birth Weight
Collins, J. W., David, R. J., Symons, R. G., Handler, A., Wall, S. N., & Dwyer, L. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200005000-00019 · Cited by 185
Assessing the Stressful Effects of Racism: A Review of Instrumentation
Utsey, S. O. (1998) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984980243001 · Cited by 181
Cognitive appraisal biases: An approach to understanding the relation between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity in children
Chen, E., & Matthews, K. A. (2001) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2302_4 · Cited by 178
Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health
Stein, R. E. K. (2005) · Ambulatory Pediatrics · doi:10.1367/1539-4409(2005)5[131:chtnwa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 171
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 165
Perceptions of Racial Discrimination and the Risk of Preterm Birth
Rosenberg, L. A., Palmer, J. R., Wise, L. A., Horton, N. J., & Corwin, M. J. (2002) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200211000-00008 · Cited by 157
The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue.
Thomas, K. S., Bardwell, W. A., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.635 · Cited by 155
Experiences of Racism Among African American Parents and the Mental Health of Their Preschool-Aged Children
Caughy, M. O., O'Campo, P. J., & Muntaner, C. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.12.2118 · Cited by 140
Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis
Gibbons, F. X., Yeh, H., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Cutrona, C. E., Simons, R. L., & Brody, G. H. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.015 · Cited by 139
Race/Ethnicity and Insurance Status as Factors Associated with ADHD Treatment Patterns
Stevens, J. H., Harman, J. S., & Kelleher, K. J. (2005) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.88 · Cited by 138
Large Arterial Elasticity Varies as a Function of Gender and Racism-Related Vigilance in Black Youth
Clark, R., Benkert, R. A., & Flack, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.02.012 · Cited by 134
Ethnic discrimination and global self-worth in early adolescents: The mediating role of ethnic self-esteem
Verkuyten, M., & Thijs, J. T. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025406063573 · Cited by 113
Relationship of Distress and Perceived Control to Coping With Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Black Youth
Scott, L. D., & House, L. E. (2005) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798405278494 · Cited by 110
Racial and Ethnic Differences in ADHD and LD in Young School-Age Children: Parental Reports in the National Health Interview Survey
Pastor, P. N., & Reuben, C. A. (2005) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/003335490512000405 · Cited by 109
Ethnic identity as a predictor of problem behaviors among Korean American adolescents.
Shrake, E., & Rhee, S. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 106
Modifiable risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms in low-income African American mothers.
Siefert, K., Finlayson, T. L., Williams, D. R., Delva, J., & Ismail, A. I. (2007) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.113 · Cited by 105
The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth.
Chambers, E. C., Tull, E. S., Fraser, H. S., Mutunhu, N. R., Sobers, N., & Niles, E. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 102
Ethnic and Regional Differences in Primary Care Visits for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Stevens, J. H., Harman, J. S., & Kelleher, K. J. (2004) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200410000-00003 · Cited by 102
Parents' Perceptions of Pediatric Primary Care Quality: Effects of Race/Ethnicity, Language, and Access
Seid, M., Stevens, G. D., & Varni, J. W. (2003) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.00160 · Cited by 100
Unfair Treatment, Discrimination, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Black and White Adolescents.
Matthews, K. A., Salomon, K., Kenyon, K., & Zhou, F. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.258 · Cited by 99
Racial discrimination-induced anger and alcohol use among black adolescents.
Terrell, F., Miller, A. R., Foster, K., & Watkins, C. E., Jr. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 84
Mothers' Satisfaction with Medical Care: Perceptions of Racism, Family Stress, and Medical Outcomes in Children with Diabetes
Auslander, W., Thompson, S. J., Dreitzer, D., & Santiago, J. V. (1997) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/22.3.190 · Cited by 62
Interactive effects of perceived racism and coping responses predict a school-based assessment of blood pressure in black youth
Clark, R., & Gochett, P. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3201_1 · Cited by 60
Stress, self-esteem, and racism: relationships with low birth weight and preterm delivery in African American women.
Murrell, N. L. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 52
Depression in Medicaid-Covered Youth
Richardson, L. P., DiGiuseppe, D. L., Garrison, M. M., & Christakis, D. (2003) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.10.984 · Cited by 45
Children’s Health, The Nation’s Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health
Ettinger, A. S. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a844 · Cited by 44
Interactive but not direct effects of perceived racism and trait anger predict resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in black adolescents.
Clark, R. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.580 · Cited by 31
Maternal support in the delivery room and birthweight among African-American women.
Lespinasse, A. A., David, R. J., Collins, J. W., Handler, A. S., & Wall, S. N. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 27
Toward a Psychobiologic Understanding of Youth Health Disparities
Susman, E. J. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.002 · Cited by 25
The Service Patterns of a Racially, Ethnically, and Linguistically Diverse Housestaff
Murray-García, J. L., García, J. A., Schembri, M. E., & Guerra, L. M. (2001) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200112000-00018 · Cited by 23
A Structural Equation Modeling Overview for Medical Researchers
DiLalla, L. F. (2008) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31815f250c · Cited by 17
Social Stratifi cation
Nevalainen, T., & Raumolin-Brunberg, H. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315475172-14 · Cited by 14

Sorted by citations

Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
“They have found consistent, adverse associations with mental health, while for the few that also examined physical health findings were mixed [14, 15, 26, 27].”
Background
Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., Black, L. I., Jones, S. E., Danielson, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Davis Jack, S. P., Brody, D. J., Gyawali, S., et al. (2022) · MMWR Supplements · doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 · Cited by 1,723
Adverse Childhood Experiences
Cronholm, P. F., Forke, C. M., Wade, R., Bair-Merritt, M. H., Davis, M., Harkins-Schwarz, M., Pachter, L. M., & Fein, J. A. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001 · Cited by 1,064
Self-citation
The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., HEALTH, S. O. A., COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS, COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., Fanburg, J., Rahmandar, M. H., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1765 · Cited by 1,002
Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Health: Scientific Advances, Ongoing Controversies, and Emerging Issues
Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 · Cited by 1,060

See all 292

Authors: Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
Brown University (US)
Corresponding author: Pachter, Lee M.
ORCID: Pachter, Lee M.
Venue: Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2009-06
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 255-263
ISSN: 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181a7ed5a
PMC: PMC2794434
OpenAlex: W2028763599
Cited by: 292
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Funders: U.S. National Library of Medicine
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD040348)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
Keywords: racism, child health, racial disparities, racial discrimination, perceived racism, child mental health, child behavioral health, psychosocial stressors, birth outcomes, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, satisfaction with care, African American children, ethnic minority children
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Behavior, Mental Disorders, Child, Depression, Ethnicity, Health Status, Humans, Models, Psychological, Parents, Perception, Prejudice, Self Concept, Patient Satisfaction, Substance-Related Disorders, Health Status Disparities

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Racism and Child Health: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks