The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 55 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Digit Symbol Substitution Test: The Case for Sensitivity Over Specificity in Neuropsychological Testing
Open accessAbstract
Purpose/Background: Development of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) was initiated over a century ago as an experimental tool to understand human associative learning. Its clinical utility, owing to its brevity and high discriminant validity, was first recognized in the 1940s, and now the DSST is among the most commonly used tests in clinical neuropsychology. Methods: Specific studies and articles were reviewed to illustrate what the test measures, to evaluate its sensitivity to change, and to discuss its use in clinical practice. Results: The DSST is a valid and sensitive measure of cognitive dysfunction impacted by many domains. Performance on the DSST correlates with real-world functional outcomes (eg, the ability to accomplish everyday tasks) and recovery from functional disability in a range of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Importantly, the DSST has been demonstrated to be sensitive to changes in cognitive functioning in patients with major depressive disorder and offers promise as a clinical decision-making tool for monitoring treatment effects in this and other disorders affecting cognition. Implications/Conclusions: The DSST is sensitive to the presence of cognitive dysfunction as well as to change in cognitive function across a wide range of clinical populations but has low specificity to determine exactly which cognitive domain has been affected. However, the DSST offers a practical and effective method to monitor cognitive functions over time in clinical practice.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) is a brief, widely used paper-and-pencil measure that is sensitive to cognitive dysfunction and change across many clinical populations, including major depressive disorder (MDD). It is polyfactorial and has low specificity for identifying which cognitive domain is impaired, but it may be useful for monitoring cognition over time in clinical practice.
Key findings
- The DSST is sensitive to cognitive impairment and change across psychiatric, neurologic, pharmacologic, and sleep-related conditions; in MDD, a meta-analysis of 1904 subjects across 22 studies found moderate impairment versus controls (Cohen’s d = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34–0.75; P < 0.001).
- Vortioxetine trials in MDD reported DSST treatment effect sizes of 0.51 and 0.52 for 10 or 20 mg in one study and 0.254 for 10 to 20 mg in another; a meta-analysis found vortioxetine improved DSST-assessed cognition more than other antidepressants.
- DSST performance correlates with real-world functional outcomes: in MDD patients 6 months after hospital discharge, DSST was strongly associated with functional recovery in work, school, and housing (odds ratio nearly 20).
- The DSST is polyfactorial and sensitive but not specific: impaired performance can arise from motor speed, attention, visuoperceptual functions, associative learning, working memory, and executive functions, so it does not by itself identify the affected cognitive domain.
Methods
- Narrative review of specific studies and articles to illustrate what the DSST measures, its sensitivity to change, and its use in clinical practice.
- Evidence reviewed includes DSST studies in brain damage, schizophrenia, MDD, diabetes, sleep restriction, alcohol intoxication, and sedative/hypnotic pharmacodynamic studies.
- Main synthesis compares DSST effect sizes across patient groups and pharmacologic benchmarks, including alcohol, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, caffeine, and sleep deprivation.
Limitations
- The paper states the DSST has low specificity for determining exactly which cognitive domain has been affected and raises the question of whether a single brief cognitive assessment can be sufficient for clinically meaningful conclusions.
- The paper notes that repeated DSST administration may produce learning or practice effects, although randomized designs can overcome resulting confounding in some studies.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review of selected studies rather than a systematic review, and it does not report a formal search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis of all available DSST evidence.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
39 Not checked yet · 28 Own interpretation · 11 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Own method
In the paper
“This observation suggests that improvement with exposure occurs in part for reasons other than associative learning of the pairs.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Beres CA Baron A Improved digit symbol substitution by older women as a result of extended practice. J Gerontol. 1981; 36: 591– 597. 7264244 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The sensitivity of the DSST is owed, in part, to its property as a polyfactoriaI measure.28”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28] Ryan C Butters N Didario B The relationship between abstinence and recovery of function in male alcoholics. Clin Neuropsychol. 1980; 2: 125– 134.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“These findings indicate that the executive function of strategizing or consciously exerting effort to learn the pairings is among the activities that contribute to performance on this test.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Beres CA Baron A Improved digit symbol substitution by older women as a result of extended practice. J Gerontol. 1981; 36: 591– 597. 7264244 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This finding supports the observation that the DSST is a polyfactorial test”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] Lezak MD Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Compared with placebo, triazolam significantly impaired performance on the DSST (P < 0.001) and increased beta amplitude on the EEG (P < 0.002).34”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Greenblatt DJ Gan L Harmatz JS Pharmocokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-dose triazolam: electroencephalography compared with the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005; 60: 244– 248. 16120062 PMC1884767 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and that impairment in any one of the required domains (ie, motor speed associated with aging) results in performance decline.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] Lezak MD Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“In both middle-aged and older persons, diabetes mellitus type 2 has been found to be associated with an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia.30”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Dong Y Kua ZJ Khoo EY The utility of brief cognitive tests for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016; 17: 889– 895. 27461866 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“That the DSST is sensitive to age effects is well known.23”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Hoyer WJ Stawski RS Wasylyshyn C Adult age and digit symbol substitution performance: a meta-analysis. Psychol Aging. 2004; 19: 211– 214. 15065945 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“This correlation of specific QEEG indices with activation in the frontal lobes supports the theory that executive functioning plays a part in DSST performance.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25] Thornton KE Carmody DP Symbol Digit and the quantitative EEG. Neurotherapy. 2012; 16: 210– 222.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSST is sensitive to the presence of cognitive dysfunction as well as to change in cognitive function across a wide range of clinical populations but has low specificity to determine exactly which cognitive domain has been affected.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > Abstract > Implications/Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
In the paper
“In fact, deficits in processing speed as measured by DSST performance may mediate a wide range of other cognitive deficits and may further reflect a final common pathway of impairment in a range of simple and complex cognitive processes that are likely to include working memory and executive functions.29”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Amaresha AC Danivas V Shivakumar V Clinical correlates of parametric digit-symbol substitution test in schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014; 10: 45– 50. 25042951 PMC4156309 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“now the DSST is among the most commonly used tests in clinical neuropsychology.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > Abstract > Purpose/Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Since then, the DSST was found to be the single most sensitive test, among WAIS subtests, to determine the presence of brain damage and discriminate between patient groups (including healthy comparison groups).26”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Russell EW WAIS factor analysis with brain-damaged subjects using criterion measures. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1972; 39: 133– 139. 5045269
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Working memory, another executive function, is likely required to hold in mind the task rules and for the continual updating of required symbol-digit pairs.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, if pairings are rapidly learned following the first few trials, performance speed will improve because the subject will not need to refer to the key to check the accuracy of each pairing.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSST is a valid and sensitive measure of cognitive dysfunction impacted by many domains.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance on the DSST correlates with real-world functional outcomes (eg, the ability to accomplish everyday tasks) and recovery from functional disability in a range of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSST measures a range of cognitive operations.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors showed that both elderly and young subjects improved not only within each day but also between days.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Beres CA Baron A Improved digit symbol substitution by older women as a result of extended practice. J Gerontol. 1981; 36: 591– 597. 7264244 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Good performance on the DSST requires intact motor speed, attention, and visuoperceptual functions, including scanning and the ability to write or draw (ie, basic manual dexterity).”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and described (quoting Kinsbourne) DSST responses as “the end product of the integration of visual perceptual, oculomotor, fine manual motor, and mental functions.””
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] Darby D Walsh K Neuropsychology. 5th ed Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, Glosser et al27 noted the sensitivity of the DSST in alcoholic Korsakoff patients, patients with right hemisphere damage, and patients with chronic alcoholism.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Glosser G Butters N Kaplan E Visuoperceptual processes in brain damaged patients on the digit symbol substitution test. Int J Neurosci. 1977; 7: 59– 66. 893004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The decision to consciously engage in this learning strategy to improve performance speed calls for the executive functions of planning and strategizing.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance might also be affected by associative learning.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Darby and Walsh19 emphasized that performance on the DSST is the final common pathway for expression of quite diverse types of impairment”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > What Does the DSST Measure?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] Darby D Walsh K Neuropsychology. 5th ed Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSST is perhaps the most commonly used test in all of neuropsychology, owing to several inherent properties: brevity, reliability, and the minimal impact of language, culture, and education on test performance.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tucker et al39 also measured the effect of sleep deprivation on DSST performance and yielded similar results.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Tucker AM Whitney P Belenky G Effects of sleep deprivation on dissociated components of executive functioning. Sleep. 2010; 33: 47– 57. 20120620 PMC2802247 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the validity and reliability of the paper DSST depend on the test being administered in the manner it was validated.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 8-hour group showed some improvement over the first few days (possibly a learning effect), whereas the 4-hour group differed from the 8-hour group by more than 12 points by the end of the first week and continued to decline over the second week.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Sensitivity and Sensitivity to Change of the DSST
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003; 26: 117– 126. 12683469 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Banks S Dinges DF Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007; 3: 519– 528. 17803017 PMC1978335 source
plaincorrelationaln = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSST is sensitive to both the presence of cognitive dysfunction and change in cognitive function, across a wide range of clinical populations.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > CONCLUDING COMMENTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance on the DSST correlates with real-world functional outcomes (eg, the ability to accomplish everyday tasks) and recovery from functional disability.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > CONCLUDING COMMENTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, where the objective of testing is not diagnosis, but rather to identify impairment regardless of its nature and origin or to detect change within a patient, a brief and simple test such as the DSST may offer important benefits to clinical practice.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > CONCLUDING COMMENTS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed previously, the DSST's sensitivity to change is one of its main strengths.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Clinical Meaningfulness in Patients With MDD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The utility of the DSST for monitoring patients in the clinic derives from several properties, many of which are shared by other neuropsychological tests, including its brevity, its sensitivity to change, and minimal impact from education and culture.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > CONCLUDING COMMENTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cognition is important for functioning and quality of life.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the context of clinical decision making in a physician's office, this simple cognitive test can, in combination with a psychiatric clinical evaluation, be useful at the level of the individual patient for medication choice and dosing.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > CONCLUDING COMMENTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Cognition is important for functioning and quality of life.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DSST offers high sensitivity to detect impairment, but low specificity to determine exactly which cognitive domain has suffered the impairment.”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > CONCLUDING COMMENTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, there is growing awareness of the prevalence of cognitive symptoms and their impact on life functioning in MDD patients, leading to an increase in the recognition of such symptoms as clinically important targets for therapeutic improvement.47”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY > Clinical Meaningfulness in Patients With MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Mattingly G Anderson RH Mattingly SG The impact of cognitive challenges in major depression: the role of the primary care physician. Postgrad Med. 2016; 128: 665– 671. 27500820 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In clinical practice, the DSST is administered in the manner in which it was validated.
“the validity and reliability of the paper DSST depend on the test being administered in the manner it was validated.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cognition is important for functioning and quality of life.
“Although the importance of cognition for functioning and quality of life may be regarded as self-evident”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Enhanced processing speed has been correlated with improved ability to perform day-to-day tasks and a lower risk of future cognitive/mobility/mood disorders [32].”
From Health Benefits of Video Games in Adolescents and Young Adults (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY
“The original WAIS, developed in 1955, has 90 stimulus items (number of blanks into which the symbols are copied)”
§ Digit Symbol Substitution Test > DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY
“all of which were among the 67 stimulus items in its predecessor, the WBIS.”
Citations
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Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 840
Yuan, J., Wu, C., Wu, L., Fan, X., Zeng, T., Li, X., Wei, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Peng, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.770714 · Cited by 5
“Digit Symbol Substitution Test The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) is a valid measure of cognitive dysfunction impacted by many domains, including motor speed, attention, processing speed, executive functioning, andworkingmemory, and is sensitive to the presence of cognitive dysfunction as well as to change in c…”
MethodLe, G. H., Kwan, A. T. H., Guo, Z., Wong, S., Badulescu, S., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., Meshkat, S., Ceban, F., Phan, L., et al. (2024) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2024.16 · Cited by 5
The dose-response relationship of vortioxetine on major depressive disorder: an umbrella review
Wang, P., Wang, W., Liu, Y., Li, W., Hu, J., Su, Y., Li, J., Li, N., & Si, T. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116118 · Cited by 6
“DSST, an objective measure, assesses multiple cognitive domains (e.g., processing speed, attention, executive function) (Dickinson, Ramsey, and Gold 2007; Jaeger 2018) and provides standardized performance-based data influenced by demographic and clinical factors (Bland et al. 2024).”
Cao, Z., Ge, L., Lu, W., Zhao, K., Chen, Y., Sun, Z., Qiu, W., Yue, X., Li, Y., & Qiu, S. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70055 · Cited by 6
Lifespan trajectories of fornix volume and tractography: a 5.0 T MRI study
Hu, Q., Xu, J., Li, S., Chen, X., Zhong, X., Liu, X., Ren, J., Wang, H., Fan, C., Li, C., et al. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf057 · Cited by 5
Cullum, C. M., Galusha, J. M., Wadsworth, H. E., Wilmoth, K., Hynan, L. S., Lacritz, L. H., LoBue, C., Argueta-Ortiz, F., & TARCC Investigators# (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1970229 · Cited by 5
Dhansoia, V., Majumdar, V., Manjunath, N. K., Gaharwar, U. S., & Singh, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.807612 · Cited by 5
“The post-intervention mean scores of DSST [AMD = 11.82 (95% CI, 8.90–14.75)], TMT-A [AMD = −24.60 (95% CI, −28.14 to −21.05)] and TMT-B [−41.99 (−49.72 to −34.25)] were significantly improved in the yoga group as compared to the control group (Table 2).”
MethodInfluentialGlobal Coherence and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease
Rogalski, Y., Key-DeLyria, S., Hazamy, A. A., & Altmann, L. J. P. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00442 · Cited by 5
Szcześniak, D. M., Lenart‐Bugla, M., Misiak, B., Zimny, A., Sąsiadek, M. J., Połtyn–Zaradna, K., Zatońska, K., Zatoński, T., Szuba, A., Smith, E. E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912228 · Cited by 6
SNP-by-CpG Site Interactions in ABCA7 Are Associated with Cognition in Older African Americans
Chaar, D., Nguyen, K. A., Wang, Y.-Z., Ratliff, S. M., Mosley, T. H., Kardia, S. L. R., Smith, J. A., & Zhao, W. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13112150 · Cited by 5
Yazit, N. A. A., Juliana, N., Kadiman, S., Hafidz, K. M., Teng, N. I. M. F., Hamid, N. A., Effendy, N. M., Azmani, S., Abu, I. F., Aziz, N. A. S. A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021457 · Cited by 5
“The neurocognitive assessments utilized in this study were: (1) Trail Making Test (TMT) Part A and Part B for visuoperceptual abilities, secondary task switching, and working memory; (2) Digit Span Forward and Backward to test attention and working memory, (3) Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) to test for speed, a…”
MethodSempere‐Bigorra, M., Julían-Rochina, I., Pérez‐Ros, P., Navarro‐Flores, E., Martínez‐Arnau, F. M., & Cauli, O. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13091790 · Cited by 5
“To the best of our knowledge, only one study [24] has so far reported an association between the severity of peripheral sensory neuropathy (determined by a light touch-pressure test) and reduced cognitive performance (executive functions), measured using a Digit Symbol Substitution Test [97].”
MethodWalter, N., Wenzel, J., Haas, S. S., Squarcina, L., Bonivento, C., Ruef, A., Dwyer, D., Lichtenstein, T., Bastrük, Ö., Stainton, A., et al. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110864 · Cited by 8
Aberrant Brain Dynamics in Individuals With Clinical High Risk of Psychosis
Kindler, J., Ishida, T., Michel, C., Klaassen, A.-L., Stüble, M., Zimmermann, N., Wiest, R., Kaess, M., & Morishima, Y. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgae002 · Cited by 5
Xie, J., You, Y., Zheng, P., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080789 · Cited by 5
Association of Advanced Glycation End Products with Cognitive Function: HealthyDance Study
Deng, S., He, R., Yue, Z., Li, B., Li, F., Xiao, Q., Wang, X., Li, Y., Chen, R., & Rong, S. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240296 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of sunobinop for next-day residual effects in healthy participants
Cipriano, A., Kapil, R. P., Zhou, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1432902 · Cited by 5
“(Jaeger, 2018).”
Lin, G., Tang, J., Zeng, Y., Zhang, L., Ouyang, W., & Tang, Y. (2024) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109773 · Cited by 5
Improving working memory by electrical stimulation and cross-frequency coupling
Qasem, W. A., Abubaker, M., Pilátová, K., Ježdík, P., & Kvašňák, E. (2024) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-024-01142-1 · Cited by 5
Kasselman, L. J., Peltier, M. R., Leon, J. D., & Reiss, A. B. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16213631 · Cited by 6
He, Q., An, L., Yue, Y., Cui, C., Wang, C., Xu, H., Guo, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1611162 · Cited by 6
Improvement of Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia: A 15-Year Follow-Up Study
Kelemen, O., Máttyássy, A., & Kéri, S. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010032 · Cited by 5
Hori, H., & Yamato, K. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s217098 · Cited by 6
Büetiger, J. R., Michel, C., Kaess, M., & Kindler, J. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000524947 · Cited by 7
Kujawski, S., Zalewski, P., Godlewska, B. R., Cudnoch‐Jędrzejewska, A., Murovska, M., Newton, J. L., Sokołowski, Ł., & Słomko, J. (2023) · Cryobiology · doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.05.003 · Cited by 7
Thompson, F., Harriss, L. R., Russell, S., et al. (2021) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.297 · Cited by 5
Reaction Times among Batik Workers: The Influence of Gender and Occupational Lead Exposure
Agustiningsih, D., Sofyana, M., Budiharjo, S., Febriana, S. A., Nurokhmanti, H., Suhartini, S., Priyambodo, D. Y., Nugrahaningsih, D. A. A., Roto, R., & Wibowo, R. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312605 · Cited by 6
“suggested a significant difference of cognitive function examined by the digit symbol test, a more sensitive test than the simple reaction time, to detect a change in cognitive function [16,46].”
BackgroundMethodSpatial memory and learning: investigating the role of dynamic visual acuity
Kabiş, B., Gürses, E., Işıkay, A. İ. Ç., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1429069 · Cited by 4
“It is used as a neuropsychological test to evaluate sensory-motor processing, visual perception, scanning abilities, and visuospatial memory abilities (Jaeger, 2018).”
MethodAssociations Between Klotho Levels, KL-VS Heterozygosity and Cognition in Schizophrenia
Majumdar, V., Chakroborty, P., Arasappa, R., Murugesh, K., Hegde, S., Jose, A., Manjunath, N. K., & Dharmappa, A. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgae030 · Cited by 5
Jia, W., Zhu, K., Shi, J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09280-9 · Cited by 4
Nature exposure impacts affect and brain activation in health and major depression
Krämer, M., Winhard, M., Juckel, G., & Mavrogiorgou, P. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102730 · Cited by 6
Ferrer-Gallardo, V. J., Esteban, T., Rodríguez‐Oroz, M., Caballero‐Gaudes, C., & Paz‐Alonso, P. M. (2025) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-025-01129-2 · Cited by 5
“This cognitive assessment requires the engagement of the visuospatial system 29,30 , where the LGN and PuI have a main role due to their connections with the visual cortex.”
Shimizu, A., Yokoyama, S., Fermin, A. S. R., Mitsuyama, Y., Mizoi, K., Yoshimoto, J., Furukawa, T. A., Takagaki, K., Okamoto, Y., Okamoto, Y., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s526034 · Cited by 5
Burkat, P. M. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15719 · Cited by 4
Psilocybin and Motor Function: A Triple‐Blind, Dose‐Finding Study in Healthy Participants
Bhagavan, C., Kanaan, R., Carter, O. L., Nielsen, G., Berlowitz, D. J., Issak, S., Braat, S., Zaloumis, S. G., Attard, Z., Oliver, G., et al. (2024) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20240047 · Cited by 6
“…in the following motor tasks will also be assessed: the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) (24), Box and Block Test (BBT, original and modified versions) (25), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) (26), Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test (RTRDT) (27), and video footage to assess movement quality.”
Moon, S. W., Kim, J. W., Kim, D. H., Adair, M., Åström, D. O., Reines, E. H., Lee, M., & Kim, G. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s478804 · Cited by 4
Zhong, M., Cheng, P., Liu, Z., Wang, F., & Yang, J. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107200 · Cited by 4
Chaar, D., Tu, L., Moore, K., Du, J., Opsasnick, L. A., Ratliff, S. M., Mosley, T. H., Kardia, S. L. R., Zhao, W., Zhou, X., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03845-7 · Cited by 5
The impact of pituitary adenomas on cognitive performance: a systematic review
Young, T.-C., Lin, K.-Y., Li, W.-C., Huang, C.-N., & Tsai, W.-H. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1534635 · Cited by 5
Han, Y., Hua, L., Xia, Y. X., Sun, H., Sheng, J., Dai, Z., Yao, Z., & Lü, Q. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.079 · Cited by 5
Hilsabeck, R. C., Keller, J. N., Henry, M. L., Li, J. J., Pugalenthi, L., Toprac, P., Chang, P., Chang, J., Schmitz, S., Largent, A., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70145 · Cited by 4
Mui, M., Ruben, R. M., Ricker, T. J., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103890 · Cited by 4
Ata, G. A. A. E., Abdelghany, F. H. A., Ahmed, M. F., Abdelgwad, M., & Ramadan, M. A. (2023) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2023.01.011 · Cited by 4
Li, X., Yang, S., Li, Y., Qin, W., Yang, L., Yuan, J., & Hu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1114426 · Cited by 4
“Besides, good performances on the DSST, DCT, and Maze require the intact function of associative learning, motor control, complex attention, and visuoperceptual function (Jaeger, 2018; Canfora et al., 2021).”
MethodAssociations Between Parity and Cognition: Race/Ethnic Differences
Araujo-Menendez, C. E. E., Saelzler, U. G., Stickel, A. M., Sundermann, E. E., Banks, S. J., Paipilla, A., Barnes, M. L., & Panizzon, M. S. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-221210 · Cited by 4
“Cognitive functioning was assessed by 1) the CERAD-WL) and CERAD-DL subtests [59], 2) the Animal Fluency test (AF) [60], and 3) the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST) which reflect learning and memory, semantic fluency, and executive functioning cognitive domains, respectively [61].”
MethodEhrenkranz, R. C., Zhu, X., Glynn, N. W., Bertolet, M. H., Berman, S. B., Hengenius, J. B., & Rosano, C. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad234 · Cited by 4
Zhu, X., Ding, R., Chen, X., Wang, X., He, P., & Wang, G. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723002556 · Cited by 5
Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive Battery for People With Schizophrenia in Ethiopia
Gebreegziabhere, Y., Habatmu, K., Cella, M., & Alem, A. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad178 · Cited by 4
Zheng, L., Ye, M., Ma, J., Chen, J., Yang, Y., Li, H., Zheng, R., & Wang, Y. T. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2024.2305705 · Cited by 4
Zwingmann, K., Schlesinger, T., & Müller, K. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12020049 · Cited by 4
Zheng, Y., Yee, B. J., WONG, K. K. H., Grunstein, R. R., & Piper, A. J. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae016 · Cited by 4
Niu, J., Li, Y., Zhou, Q., Liu, X., Yu, P., Gao, F., Gao, X., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02846-z · Cited by 5
“…Test (TMT) [26]: Consisting of Parts A and B, the test recorded the time taken to complete each part; (3) The Symbol Digit Substitution Test (SDST) [27]: recorded the number of correct substitutions made by the patient within 90 s; (4) Part C of the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (SCWT) [28]:…”
MethodBarbagallo, M., Springer, A., Vanetta, C., Allemann, M., Lee, P., Saravi, S. S. S., Aeschbacher, S., Luciani, M., Bonati, L. H., Moschovitis, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.034365 · Cited by 4
Leistenschneider, G., Majić, T., Reiche, S., & Riemer, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82216-x · Cited by 5
Shen, D., Huang, X., Diao, Z., Wang, J., Wang, K., Lu, W., & Qiu, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1519397 · Cited by 4
Zhao, C., Xu, X., & Hao, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1480609 · Cited by 3
Arbizu, S., Mertens‐Talcott, S. U., Talcott, S. T., Riviere, A. J., Riechman, S. E., & Noratto, G. D. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050784 · Cited by 5
Zhu, J., Wang, S., Li, P., Li, F., Li, B., Ma, L., Rong, S., & Liao, J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22126-3 · Cited by 4
Binary Classification of Cognitive Workload Levels with Oculography Features
Kaczorowska, M., Wawrzyk, M., & Plechawska–Wójcik, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47679-3_21 · Cited by 3
Wei, J., Ali, M. K., Wang, T., & Xu, H. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5599 · Cited by 4
Gogayeva, O. K., Av, R., & Lazoryshynets, V. V. (2021) · Ukrainian Neurosurgical Journal · doi:10.25305/unj.228425 · Cited by 4
Yang, H.-Y., Chang, Y., Lin, B., Chou, Y.-J., & Shun, S. (2023) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151446 · Cited by 4
Zhang, H. R., Tian, W., Qi, G., & Sun, Y. J. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2221036 · Cited by 6
Gajardo‐Vidal, A., Montembeault, M., Lorca‐Puls, D. L., Licata, A. E., Bogley, R., Erlhoff, S. J., Ratnasiri, B. M., Ezzes, Z., Battistella, G., Tsoy, E., et al. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.011 · Cited by 5
“Here, we hypothesized that the brain regions supporting processing speed would be differentially affected across patients with PPA due to the distinctive patterns of atrophy associated with each PPA variant (Gorno-Tempini et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBrady, S. S., Arguedas, A., Huling, J. D., Hellemann, G., Yaffe, K. S., Lewis, C. E., Fok, C. S., Eeden, S. K. V. D., & Markland, A. D. (2024) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002377 · Cited by 4
Ge, L., Cao, Z., Sun, Z., Yue, X., Rao, Y., Zhao, K., Qiu, W., Li, Y., Lu, W., & Qiu, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1418714 · Cited by 3
Castellote‐Caballero, Y., Beltrán-Arranz, A., Aibar‐Almazán, A., Carcelén‐Fraile, M. D. C., Rivas-Campo, Y., López-Ríos, L., Vega-Morales, T., & González-Martín, A. M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18040571 · Cited by 3
“The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) [63] is a neuropsychological test used to assess short-and long-term memory.”
Johansson, J., Deraas, T., Hopstock, L. A., Henriksen, A., & Grimsgaard, S. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095810 · Cited by 4
Pepe, M., Nicola, M. D., Mandracchia, G., Margoni, S., Monacelli, L., Restaino, A., Koukopoulos, A. E., & Sani, G. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.05.018 · Cited by 3
Han, Y., Huang, X., Du, Y., & Yao, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120015 · Cited by 4
Miyazaki, Y., Iwamoto, K., Kambe, D., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13888 · Cited by 3
Matsui, Y., Fujisawa, C., Minakami, M., Yamada, Y., Watanabe, K., Nakashima, H., Komiya, H., & Umegaki, H. (2025) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-025-01377-8 · Cited by 3
“Attention and processing speed, as well as working and executive function, were quantified using the Digit Symbol Coding Test [14].”
Noh, E.-S., Yang, J. W., Wang, K., Bae, S., & Park, H. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.113000 · Cited by 3
Zhao, S., Toniolo, S., Tang, Q.-Y., Scholcz, A., Ganse‐Dumrath, A., Gendarini, C., Broulidakis, J., Thompson, S., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02346-6 · Cited by 10
Association of symptoms of neuropsychological long COVID with imaging and plasma biomarkers
Nakase, T., Takano, Y., Nomura, S., Baek, H. W., Takayama, S., Ono, R., Abe, M., Ishii, T., Tatewaki, Y., & Taki, Y. (2026) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2026.125808 · Cited by 3
Baron, K. G., Appelhans, B. M., Burgess, H. J., Quinn, L. T., Greene, T., & Allen, C. M. (2023) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01272-y · Cited by 3
Shah, C., Srinivasan, D., Erus, G., Tamura, M. K., Habes, M., Detre, J. A., Haley, W. E., Lerner, A. J., Wright, C. B., Wright, J. T., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a7852 · Cited by 4
“In the baseline study of this cohort, ASLN FC was also related toWMH burden and demonstrated a nonsignificant inverse relationship with performance on the Digit Symbol Coding Test, which assesses processing speed and working memory.(21) However, in the current study, there was no significant Table 1: Characteristics o…”
MethodLee, S., Hwang, H.-H., Kim, S., Hwang, J., Park, J., & Park, S. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1062 · Cited by 3
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“The Digit Symbol Substitution Test was incorporated to examine executive function and processing speed, through a symbol-number matching task that tests attention, visual-motor coordination, and cognitive agility (Amaresha et al., 2014; Jaeger, 2018).”
MethodLee, K., & Yu, C. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06003-8 · Cited by 3
Hu, Y., Sun, X.-L., Guo, C., Wu, R., Dou, J., Song, S., Guo, F., & Wei, J. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1465310 · Cited by 3
“The DSST, a component of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III), evaluates working memory, sustained attention and processing speed (Jaeger, 2018).”
Bellitti, M., Lauber, M. V., Searls, E., Lin, H., Au, R., & Kolachalama, V. B. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70644 · Cited by 4
“36 As such, functional decline in any one of these systems will be captured by the task, making it a valuable tool for detecting subtle impairment across a wide variety of cognitive domains.”
Certain aspects of using Z-score to assess cognitive disorders
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Exome-wide analysis reveals role of LRP1 and additional novel loci in cognition
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Mechanisms of integration in psychedelic-assisted therapy
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“Compared with the PVT, the broader range of cognitive abilities required to accomplish the DSST (Jaeger 2018) may have affected the results.”
InfluentialSmoking impairs cognitive function through the mediating effect of periodontitis in older adults
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jaeger, J.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jaeger, Judith
- ORCID
- Jaeger, Judith
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 513-519
- ISSN
- 0271-0749 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-712X
- PMC
- PMC6291255
- OpenAlex
- W2888254436
- Semantic Scholar
- 03a57054a4cacf4a26d3972a3d9d226a7a3b0249
- Cited by
- 836
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- Digit Symbol Substitution Test, cognitive impairment, neuropsychological assessment, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, treatment monitoring, functional disability, sensitivity to change, associative learning, clinical decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Association Learning, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Dysfunction
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