Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Little attention has been given to factors contributing to firefighters' psychosomatic well-being. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine such contributing factors in a sample of professional firefighters. METHODS: Measures assessing sleep, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life were examined in 112 firefighters. RESULTS: Overall, many firefighters reported sleep deprivation (59%), binge drinking behavior (58%), poor mental well-being (21%), current nicotine use (20%), hazardous drinking behavior (14%), depression (11%), poor physical well-being (8%), caffeine overuse (5%), or poor social bonding (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Small-to-medium correlations were identified between sleep deprivation, depression, physical/mental well-being, and drinking behaviors. High-risk behaviors that impact psychosomatic well-being are prevalent in professional firefighters, which require environmental and individual-based health promotion interventions. The inter-correlation relationships between such behaviors, therefore, need to be explored in further details.
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Physical and psychological stressors encountered every working shift lead to increased risk for major health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression in firefighters.
“These physical and psychological stressors encountered every working shift have been shown to lead to increased risk for major health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression [7,8,9].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Background (page not provided) links firefighters’ workload and traumatic stress with depressive symptoms, and links job strain and depression with cardiovascular mortality. It does not show that stressors encountered every shift cause these conditions, or that those stressors increase firefighters’ cancer risk; its mention of malignancies concerns sleep deprivation more generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRequired alertness during working shifts significantly impacts sleep while on shift and may also impact sleep patterns off shift, leading to sleep deprivation, severe circadian dysrhythmias, and possibly chronically impaired sleep patterns.
“This required alertness significantly impacts sleep while on shift and may also impact sleep patterns off shift as well, leading to sleep deprivations, severe circadian dysrhythmias, and possibly chronically impaired sleep patterns [7,13].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Background links shift work in firefighters with sleep disturbance, and the Results (Sleep Pattern (Actigraph); page unavailable) report disturbed sleep patterns in some firefighters monitored during night duty. The Discussion also reports substantial sleep deprivation. The paper does not establish that required alertness causes these problems, or show effects on off-shift sleep or severe circadian dysrhythmias. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMental health conditions common in firefighters include PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, which may cause a greater risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts.
“Mental health conditions common in firefighters include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance abuse which may cause a greater risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts [7,29,30,31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Background (page unavailable) describes PTSD and anxiety as prevalent among firefighters and reports elevated PTSD and depression rates in firefighters exposed to disasters. It says depression might increase the risk of suicidal behavior; the Discussion (page unavailable) associates alcohol-use disorders with suicide. Neither passage specifically addresses suicidal thoughts and attempts or links all four listed conditions to those outcomes, and depression and hazardous drinking were relatively uncommon in this study’s sample. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a study of full-time firefighters in a metropolitan area of the United States, 59% reported sleep deprivation measured with PSQI and ESS questionnaires and a 3-day actigraphy motion logger.
“Cary et al. [7] showed that 59% of full-time firefighters in a metropolitan area of the United States reported sleep deprivation which was measured with the PSQI and ESS questionnaires as well as a 3-day actigraphy motion logger.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Abstract Results report sleep deprivation in 59% of firefighters, and the Methods identify the PSQI and ESS as the measures used to classify it. The Methods and Results say that only a small cohort (22 firefighters) wore the actigraph for three days; it did not measure the reported 59% figure for the full sample. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a sample of 112 firefighters, 58% displayed binge drinking behavior, 20% identified as nicotine users, and 5% met criteria for caffeine overuse (>700 mg/day).
“In a sample of 112 firefighters, 58% displayed binge drinking behavior, 20% identified as nicotine users, and 5% met criteria for caffeine overuse (i.e., >700 mg/day) [7].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results report a sample of 112 firefighters, binge drinking in nearly 60%, and nicotine use in 20%. They describe caffeine overuse as less prevalent but do not give the claimed 5% in the non-abstract passages; the Methods define overuse at 700 mg per day, rather than strictly above 700 mg. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Substance abuse has been reported by over half of professional firefighters.
“Substance abuse has been reported by over half of professional firefighters [7].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results report binge drinking in 58% of the 112 professional firefighters studied, supporting the 'over half' figure for that behavior. The paper does not call this substance abuse: it separately reports hazardous drinking in 14%, so the claim overstates what the figure measures. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubstance abuse has been linked to sleep quality in firefighters.
“it has also been linked to other mental health conditions such as PTSD [94], depression [7], and sleep quality [7] in firefighters.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Substance abuse has been linked to depression in firefighters.
“it has also been linked to other mental health conditions such as PTSD [94], depression [7], and sleep quality [7] in firefighters.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Individual stressors such as harassment, sleep disturbances, and social disconnectedness are associated with suicide-related symptoms among firefighter samples.
“while past research has found that individual stressors such as harassment (Hom et al., 2017), sleep disturbances (Carey et al., 2011; Hom et al., 2016), and social disconnectedness (Chu et al., 2016) are associated with suicide-related symptoms among firefighter samples”
From Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance (2018) · cites this paper as Carey et al., 2011
Firefighters experience long, irregular shifts, and unpredictable emergencies, all of which are associated with lowered mood, fatigue and alertness, and disordered sleep.
“Firefighters experience long, irregular shifts, and unpredictable emergencies, all of which are associated with lowered mood, fatigue and alertness, and disordered sleep [7,30].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4-6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide, mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition.
“Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4–6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide [7,17], mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition [14,18].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Carey, M. G., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell, D. S.
- Affiliations
- D'Youville University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carey, Mary G.
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 928-933
- ISSN
- 1076-2752 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3486736
- OpenAlex
- W2102784848
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 17.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R21NR011077)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- firefighters, sleep deprivation, depression, substance use, binge drinking, nicotine use, social bonding, quality of life, psychosomatic well-being, occupational health, health promotion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Coffee, Depression, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Object Attachment, Occupational Diseases, Quality of Life, Sleep Wake Disorders, Smoking, Social Behavior, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders, Firefighters
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