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Assessment methods in human body composition
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present study reviews the most recently developed and commonly used methods for the determination of human body composition in vivo with relevance for nutritional assessment. RECENT FINDINGS: Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected with the most commonly used methods being bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution techniques, air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI or magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recent developments include three-dimensional photonic scanning and quantitative magnetic resonance. Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY: There is an ongoing need to perfect methods that provide information beyond mass and structure (static measures) to kinetic measures that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. On the basis of the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning in childhood, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods beginning at birth.
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“Additionally, incorporating blood variables such as lipid profile, glucose levels, and inflammatory markers can offer insights into metabolic health and obesity-related risks beyond what BMI alone can provide [62].”
From Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
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Items 201–300 of 691
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“Hence, DXA has now been shown to be able to measure fat and lean mass, both globally on whole-body DXA images and in specific skeletal regions (105).”
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Smart MRI Agents for Detecting Extracellular Events In Vivo: Progress and Challenges
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“The human body is composed of approximately 60% water; therefore, T1-weighted images give excellent anatomical details that can be boosted with the application of the Gd3+-based contrast agents (CAs) [9,10].”
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“Although BIA may be superior to DXA from the point of motility, cost and extent of intervention, it incurs greater measurement errors.(33) Evidence suggests that BIA tends to overestimate body fat percentage in lean subjects and underestimate it in obese subjects.”
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Bai, M., Susic, D. F., O’Sullivan, A., & Henry, A. (2020) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2020/3128767 · Cited by 23
“One of the four-compartment models of body composition consists of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM), which is further divided into total body water (TBW), proteins, and minerals [2].”
Teng, Y., Wang, J.-Y., Chi, Y., & Tsai, T. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21239059 · Cited by 20
“These techniques allow us to measure fat (white and brown adipose tissues), lean mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water and various adipose tissue sub-depots (namely visceral, subcutaneous and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, selected organs and ectopic fat depots [31,32].”
BackgroundVisceral Adipose Tissue and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Hughes‐Austin, J. M., Larsen, B. A., & Allison, M. (2013) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-013-0298-9 · Cited by 20
“Of these measures, both CT and MRI are considered “gold standards” because of their direct measurement of VAT [9].”
BackgroundPhysical exercise for primary sarcopenia: an expert opinion
Moretti, A., Tomaino, F., Paoletta, M., Liguori, S., Migliaccio, S., Rondanelli, M., Iorio, A. D., Pellegrino, R., Donnarumma, D., Nunzio, D. D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2025.1538336 · Cited by 25
“To con fi rm a diagnosis of sarcopenia, it is essential to measure muscle mass using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (8, 9).”
Effects of Three Times Weekly Eight-Hour Nocturnal Hemodialysis on Volume and Nutritional Status
Demirci, C., Özkahya, M., Demirci, M. S., Aşçı, G., Köse, T., Çolak, T., Duman, S., Töz, H., Ergin, P., Adam, S. M., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000351182 · Cited by 19
Owino, V. O. (2019) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665118002823 · Cited by 20
“Isotope dilution including deuterium oxide and doubly labelled water techniques are based on the estimation of total body water((87,88)).”
Marcos, S. D. L. C., del Río, P. R., & Silleras, B. D. M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11219781 · Cited by 20
“t i l i l assumptions; however, they require the use of different and spe ific instruments [10].”
BackgroundMethodGuo, Z., Cai, J., Wu, Z., & Gong, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084638 · Cited by 19
“FM and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured on hydrostatic weighing, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [33].”
MethodRegional and total body bioelectrical impedance analysis compared with DXA in Icelandic elderly
Ramel, A., Geirsdóttir, Ó. G., Arnarson, A., & Þórsdóttir, I. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.65 · Cited by 19
“An estimate of total body water is acquired from which total body FFM is calculated, using the assumption that 73% of the body’s FFM is water (Lee and Gallagher, 2008).”
MethodThe Role of Visceral Adipose Tissue in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Verrijken, A., Francque, S., & Gaal, L. V. (2010) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2011.07.02.96 · Cited by 18
“VAT is a sub-depot of total adipose tissue together with subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue.(25) Different methods are being used to assess the amount of visceral fat.”
Schiavo, L., Pilone, V., Tramontano, S., Rossetti, G., & Iannelli, A. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04614-0 · Cited by 19
Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators – general and anesthetic considerations
Rapsang, A. G., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2013.02.005 · Cited by 20
“BIA employs bioimpedence spectroscopy techniques which measures at 50 frequencies over a range from 5 to 1000 kHz to determine the electrical resistances of TBW and ECW to provide an estimate of body cell mass and to describe fluid shifts and fluid balance,(50) but not recommended for participants with a pacemaker.(51)”
Goldberg, T., Brener, A., Levy, S., Interator, H., Laurian, I., Dorfman, A., Chorna, E., Oren, A., Eyal, O., & Lebenthal, Y. (2020) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3356 · Cited by 18
“Body composition is measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis [Tanita Body-Composition Analyser (Tanita MC-780MA) and GMON Professional Software], which has been clinically proven to be accurate and reliable, and to provide highly reproducible results.(10) Diabetes technological devices [glucometers, continuous glu…”
MethodMustafa, F. H., Jones, P. W., & McEwan, A. L. (2017) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-016-0310-y · Cited by 18
“Additional file 1: Table S1 shows the comparison of body composition methods using a Figure of Merit (FOM) equation according to estimated cost (including equipment set-up), estimated measurement time, requirement for skilled operators, noninvasiveness, mobility, and safety [3, 6].”
BackgroundMethodFitness Assessment as an Anti-Aging Marker: A Narrative Review
Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., De‐la‐O, A., Jurado‐Fasoli, L., Castillo, M. J., & Gutiérrez, Á. (2017) · Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research · doi:10.4172/2167-7182.1000455 · Cited by 22
“The body composition can be measured using lab techniques or field procedures, according to the precision required and the aim established [101,102].”
MethodEvaluation of body composition parameters using various diagnostic methods: A meta analysis study
Rashmi, R., & Umapathy, S. (2019) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100150 · Cited by 18
Unaffected bone mineral density in Danish children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Madsen, J. O. B., Herskin, C. W., Zerahn, B., Jensen, A. K., Jørgensen, N. R., Olsen, B. S., Pociot, F., & Johannesen, J. (2019) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism · doi:10.1007/s00774-019-01058-0 · Cited by 18
Mateo‐Gállego, R., Bea, A. M., Jarauta, E., Pérez-Ruiz, M. R., & Civeira, F. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.004 · Cited by 18
“Despite demonstrating a high correlation with gold standard methods, it shows bias related to sex, age, and certain diseases such as kidney disease [6,7].”
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“BIA works by determining the electrical impedance of a small constant alternating current passing through the body [9] and can be measured by a variety of devices.”
BackgroundA SHORT-TERM CIRCUIT RESISTANCE PROGRAMME REDUCED EPICARDIAL FAT IN OBESE AGED WOMEN.
Rosety, M. Á., Pery, M. T., Rodríguez-Pareja, A., Díaz, A. J., Rosety, J. M., García, N., Brenes-Martín, F., Rosety-Rodríguez, M., Toro, R., Ordóñez, F. J., et al. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.32.5.9696 · Cited by 19
Performance of newly developed body mass index cut-off for diagnosing obesity among Ethiopian adults
Sinaga, M., Yemane, T., Tegene, E., Lidstrom, D., & Belachew, T. (2019) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-019-0205-2 · Cited by 18
“In this study, we compared obesity measured using the newly developed Ethiopian BMI cutoff [30] and WHO's BMI cut-off [20, 31, 32] with obesity determined based on the body fat percentage measured using ADP (gold standard) [33].”
BackgroundMethodNeufeld, E. V., Seltzer, R. A., Sazzad, T. M. S., & Dolezal, B. A. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20216165 · Cited by 18
“For example, measuring tapes can be simplistic and inefficient, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is expensive and often inaccessible, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can exhibit poor accuracy in certain populations while requiring stringent pretesting standards [25].”
BackgroundDrug Disposition in Subjects With Obesity: The Research Work of Darrell R. Abernethy
Greenblatt, D. J., Bruno, C. D., Harmatz, J. S., Zhang, Q., & Chow, C. R. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.2093 · Cited by 17
Automated temporalis muscle quantification and growth charts for children through adulthood
Zapaishchykova, A., Liu, K. X., Saraf, A., Ye, Z., Catalano, P. J., Benitez, V., Ravipati, Y., Jain, A., Huang, J. H., Hayat, H., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42501-1 · Cited by 19
“Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have emerged as alternative methods to assess sarcopenia using the cross-sectional areaofa single vertebralslice 25 or using quantitative whole-body MRI 26 – 28 .”
Hübers, M., Geisler, C., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Braun, W., Pourhassan, M., Sørensen, T. I. A., & Müller, M. J. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0150-x · Cited by 18
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“More recently, researchers have used dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)—currently considered the “gold standard” for quick and noninvasive total and regional body composition examination (16,22,26)—to measure contralateral lower extremity (i.”
Cichosz, S. L., Rasmussen, N. H.-H., Vestergaard, P., & Hejlesen, O. K. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296820971348 · Cited by 17
Durkin, K., Heetun, A., Ewings, S. M., Munday, R., Wootton, S. A., Turner, L., Copson, E., CANDO-3 Steering Group, & Cutress, R. I. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054412 · Cited by 17
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Lester, R. M., Ghatas, M. P., Khan, R. M., & Gorgey, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2019.1570438 · Cited by 17
Armstrong, T., Ly, K. V., Ghahremani, S., Calkins, K. L., & Wu, H. H. (2019) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-019-04384-7 · Cited by 17
Anthropometric prediction of skeletal muscle cross-sectional area in persons with spinal cord injury
Wade, R. C., & Gorgey, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01042.2016 · Cited by 18
“On the other hand, CT exposes individuals to radiation (21, 26), making MRI a more viable option for studies that involve numerous scans and capturing”
BackgroundIs Body Adiposity Index a Better and Easily Applicable Measure for Determination of Body Fat?
Yeşil, E., Köse, B., & Özdemir, M. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1727378 · Cited by 17
Nutritional status in the pediatric oncology patients
Triarico, S., Rinninella, E., Attinà, G., Romano, A., Maurizi, P., Mastrangelo, S., & Ruggiero, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.31083/j.fbe1401004 · Cited by 16
Malnutrition Patterns in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Karava, V., Dotis, J., Kondou, A., & Printza, N. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13030713 · Cited by 16
Jassil, F. C., Papageorgiou, M., Mackay, E., Carnemolla, A., Kingett, H., Doyle, J., Kirk, A., Lewis, N., Montagut, G., Marvasti, P., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae496 · Cited by 20
Matusik, P., Klesiewicz, M., Kłos, K., Stasiulewicz, M., Barylak, A., Nazarkiewicz, P., & Małecka‐Tendera, E. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/4563721 · Cited by 16
“It is not considered a gold stand technique as it may be influenced by many factors [31].”
BackgroundRamírez‐Vélez, R., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., González‐Ruíz, K., Vivas, A., Triana-Reina, H. R., Martínez-Torres, J., Prieto‐Benavides, D. H., Carrillo, H. A., Ramos-Sepúlveda, J. A., Villa‐González, E., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9010040 · Cited by 16
“Various methods can be used, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorption (DEXA), isotopic measurement of body water, whole body plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and underwater weighing [6].”
BackgroundMethodMelloni, M. A. S., de Avila, J. A., Páscoa, M. A., Barbeta, C. J. D. O., Cirolini, V. X., Gonçalves, E. M., & Guerra‐Júnior, G. (2018) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2292-3 · Cited by 17
“DXA continues to be considered the gold standard for evaluating BMD, being a non-invasive method that involves low radiation exposure, and demonstrates good accuracy with respect to total or segmental body composition evaluation [38].”
BackgroundMuscle Fitness to Visceral Fat Ratio, Metabolic Syndrome and Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Correa‐Rodríguez, M., Izquierdo, M., Schmidt‐RioValle, J., & González‐Jiménez, E. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010024 · Cited by 17
“BIA has been reported to be a valid and reliable method of estimating body composition [29].”
MethodHow body composition techniques measure up for reliability across the age-span
Rose, G. L., Farley, M. J., Slater, G., Ward, L. C., Skinner, T. L., Keating, S. E., & Schaumberg, M. A. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab046 · Cited by 18
Body Composition and Incident Heart Failure in Older Adults: Results From 2 Prospective Cohorts
Zhang, L., Bartz, T. M., Santanasto, A. J., Djoussé, L., Mukamal, K. J., Forman, D. E., Hirsch, C. H., Newman, A. B., Gottdiener, J. S., & Kizer, J. R. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.023707 · Cited by 16
Yang, S., Lee, W.-D., Kim, J.-H., Kim, M.-Y., & Kim, J. (2013) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2013.56134 · Cited by 16
“Measuring body composition in humans is usually carried out in response to the need to describe either deficiencies or excesses of a component that is thought or known to be related to health risk [16].”
BackgroundBody Composition Modifications in Patients Under Low Protein Diets
Dumler, F. (2011) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2010.10.005 · Cited by 16
Bioimpedance spectroscopy for the estimation of fat-free mass in end-stage renal disease
Vine, S., Painter, P., Kuskowski, M. A., & Earthman, C. P. (2011) · e-SPEN the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.eclnm.2010.12.003 · Cited by 17
Zanghi, B. M., Cupp, C. J., Pan, Y., Tissot-Favre, D. G., Milgram, N. W., Nagy, T. R., & Dobson, H. (2013) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.74.5.733 · Cited by 16
Jassil, F. C., Carnemolla, A., Kingett, H., Paton, B. M., O’Keeffe, A. G., Doyle, J., Stephen Morris, A., Lewis, N., Kirk, A., Pucci, A. B. F., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020659 · Cited by 20
“Another advantage of this study is the use of DXA scan, a reference standard to measure body composition.(43) Also, the use of accelerometer will generate high-quality data to measure objective PA levels and sedentary behaviour.”
MethodSarcopenia and the management of spinal disease in the elderly
Evans, A. R., Smith, L., Bakhsheshian, J., Anderson, D., Elliott, J. M., Shakir, H. J., & Smith, Z. A. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01300-2 · Cited by 15
“BIA uses the resistance of a small electrical current by the body’s water content to measure body composition [16].”
Guan, Z., Minnetti, M., Heymsfield, S. B., Poggiogalle, E., Prado, C. M. M., Sim, M., Stephan, B. C. M., Wells, J. C. K., Donini, L. M., & Siervo, M. (2025) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100364 · Cited by 18
BODY MASS INDEX IN STUDENTS: THE PRESENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM
Peshkov, M. V., & Sharaykina, E. P. (2014) · Siberian medical review · doi:10.20333/25000136-2014-4-49-56 · Cited by 15
Welch, D., Ndanyo, L. S., Brown, S., Agyapong‐Badu, S., Warner, M. B., Stokes, M. J., & Samuel, D. (2017) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-017-0800-1 · Cited by 15
“There are also fieldbased methods that are cost effective, portable, require little skill but are not a particularly accurate method of measurement [7, 8].”
Martini, D., Biasini, B., Rossi, S., Zavaroni, I., Bedogni, G., Musci, M., Pruneti, C. A., Passeri, G., Ventura, M., Galli, D., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2017.1366433 · Cited by 16
“Some evidences have reported a possible over-estimation of lean body mass provided by DEXA when used for tracking longitudinal changes compared to other techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).”
BackgroundInfluentialApplication of a Neural Network Classifier to Radiofrequency-Based Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Screening
Adams, J., Zhang, Z., Noetscher, G. M., Nazarian, A., & Makarov, S. N. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1109/jtehm.2021.3108575 · Cited by 15
“86 mrem [7]; the surrounding soft tissues can introduce relevant measurement errors [8], [9]; bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are affected by variations in bone”
Background[METHODS OF EVALUATION OF MUSCLE MASS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS].
Moreira, O. C., de Oliveira, C. E. P., Luján, R. C., Romero-Pérez, E. M., & Fernández, J. A. D. P. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.32.3.9322 · Cited by 17
Abdominal adiposity by ultrasonography: A “pocket” database for reference standard in Italian people
Bazzocchi, A., Ponti, F., Diano, D., Moio, A., Albisinni, U., Pasquali, R., & Battista, G. (2014) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.02.003 · Cited by 15
“Although BC analysis y computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) maging are very attractive, these techniques remain categorcally unsuitable for clinical practice (unless this analysis is ot performed as secondary aim of the exam), and for large opulation and longitudinal studies [5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBedogni, G., Grugni, G., Tringali, G., Agosti, F., & Sartório, A. (2014) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.990922 · Cited by 15
“Reference techniques for the assessment of BC are available in few centres worldwide and more affordable methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are not always available (Lee & Gallagher, 2008).”
MethodVuillerot, C., Braillon, P. M., Fontaine, S., Rippert, P., André, E., Iwaz, J., Poirot, I., & Berard, C. (2014) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2014.03.002 · Cited by 15
“Measuring the water compartment by bioelectrical impedance and bioimpedance spectroscopy may help elucidating the effects of steroids on muscle [31] and a better determination of lean mass composition.”
BackgroundAutomated Characterization of Body Composition and Frailty with Clinically Acquired CT
Hu, P., Huo, Y., Kong, D., Carr, J. J., Abramson, R. G., Hartley, K. G., & Landman, B. A. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74113-0_3 · Cited by 15
Genetic Basis of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Africans: Impact on Precision Medicine
Doumatey, A. P., Ekoru, K., Adeyemo, A., & Rotimi, C. N. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1215-5 · Cited by 16
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., González‐Ruíz, K., Tordecilla‐Sanders, A., García‐Hermoso, A., Schmidt‐RioValle, J., & González‐Jiménez, E. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101093 · Cited by 16
“Among various methods currently used to identify subjects at risk of excess adiposity are dual-energy X-ray absorption (DXA), isotopic measurement of body water, magnetic resonance imaging, whole body plethysmography, computed tomography, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and underwater weighing [6].”
MethodJin, X., Yu, Y., Chen, G., Shao, Y., Liu, C. X., Li, R., Liu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1304384 · Cited by 14
Baudrand, R. F., Domínguez, J. M., Tabilo, C., Figueroa, D., Jimenez, M., Eugenin, C., Carvajal, C. A., & Moreno, M. (2013) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12089 · Cited by 14
Pearson, D., Horton, B., & Green, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2011.03.008 · Cited by 14
Relationship between Bone Mineral Density and Spinal Muscle Area in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Lee, D.-Y., Yang, J., Ki, C.-H., Ko, M.-S., Suk, K., Kim, H., Lee, H., & Moon, S.-H. (2015) · Journal of Bone Metabolism · doi:10.11005/jbm.2015.22.4.197 · Cited by 14
“[20,21] Also, DXA is not an appropriate method for calculating fat mass for the trunk area where the lumbar is situated.[22] However, through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for evaluation of the spine, we can observe the axial plane of the muscles and fat tissues therefore is the most accurate study for evaluat…”
BackgroundMethodLiu-Galvin, R. E., Orlando, F. A., Saguil, A. A., Jo, A., Smith, K., Miller, A. M., Nelson, D. S., Sanders, E. C., & Mainous, A. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1695935 · Cited by 14
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a low-cost alternative that may be more feasible for widespread implementation in primary care (63, 64).”
Correlation between Body Composition and Physical Performance in Aged People
Huang, S., Hsieh, F.-C., Lin, L., Liao, C., Ku, J.-W., Hsiao, D.-J., & Liou, T. (2018) · International journal of gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2018.02.011 · Cited by 13
Body composition in pediatric patients
Zamberlan, P., Mazzoni, B. P., Bonfim, M. C., Vieira, R. R., Tumas, R., & Delgado, A. F. (2023) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.11061 · Cited by 13
Adolescent Build Plotting on Body Composition Chart and the Type of Diabetes Mellitus
Park, H. W., Kim, Y. H., Cho, M. H., Kwak, B. O., Kim, K. S., & Chung, S. (2012) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2012.27.11.1385 · Cited by 13
“Based on the two compartment model (17), the body weight could be constituted as FM and FFM.”
Physical condition of female students with different level of body mass deficiency
Kolokoltsev, M., Єрмаков, С., & Jagiełło, M. (2018) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2018.0202 · Cited by 13
“Discussion Body mass characterizes level of metabolic, energy, plastic and other processes in a human body [1, 49].”
BackgroundMínguez‐Olaondo, A., Martínez-Valbuena, I., Romero, S., Frühbeck, G., Luquín, M. R., Martínez‐Vila, E., & Irimia, P. (2020) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-020-1082-0 · Cited by 15
Cabre, H. E., Blue, M. N. M., Hirsch, K. R., Brewer, G. J., Gould, L. M., Nelson, A. G., & Smith‐Ryan, A. E. (2020) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0744 · Cited by 13
Nielsen, R. L., Bornæs, O., Storgaard, I. K., Kallemose, T., Jørgensen, L. M., Jawad, B. N., Altintas, I., Juul‐Larsen, H. G., Tavenier, J., Durhuus, J. A., et al. (2023) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.13914 · Cited by 13
“DXA-scan is a validated method to assess body composition.(75) DXA–scan is only performed on t3 Total and segmented body fat, fat free mass, soft lean mass, bone mineral content and intra and extracellular water is measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis performed with InBody S10.”
MethodHuang, Y., Lin, C., Chang, C.-C., Chen, P., Wang, C.-J., Hsueh, Y., & Chiang, H.-C. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2401-1 · Cited by 13
“People with a higher muscle-to-fat ratio (lower body fat percentage) tend to have more efficient systems and a higher fitness level (Kyle et al. 2003; Lee and Gallagher 2008; Malina 2007).”
BackgroundRaymond‐Pope, C. J., Bosch, T. A., BUSH, F. K., Chow, L. S., & Dengel, D. R. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001168 · Cited by 13
“DXA is currently considered the ‘‘gold standard’’ for the quantitative assessment of total and regional body composition and bone mineral density in both adults and children (11,19,20).”
Steinberg, A., Manlhiot, C., Li, P., Metivier, E., Pencharz, P. B., McCrindle, B. W., & Hamilton, J. K. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz063 · Cited by 14
Garlini, L. M., Alves, F. D., Kochi, A. N., Zuchinali, P., Zimerman, L. I., Pimentel, M., Perry, I. D. S., Souza, G. C., & Clausell, N. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0098 · Cited by 13
“In BIA measurements, an increment in TBW was observed, which may have occurred by an increase in the hydric volume due to the conditions in the hospital stay, such as saline solution individuals and patients[1,16].”
BackgroundWiyanad, A., Amatachaya, P., Sooknuan, T., Somboonporn, C., Thaweewannakij, T., Saengsuwan, J., & Amatachaya, S. (2021) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-021-00650-4 · Cited by 13
A multivariate model for predicting segmental body composition
Tian, S., Mioche, L., Denis, J., & Morio, B. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513001803 · Cited by 14
“Each method has specific limitations and measurement errors((39,40)).”
MethodSakamaki, K., Maejima, Y., Tokita, Y., Masamura, Y., Kumamoto, K., Akuzawa, M., Nagano, N., Nakajima, K., Shimomura, K., Takenoshita, S., et al. (2016) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6088 · Cited by 13
“A computerized tomography (CT) scan is known to be the most effective way to measure VFA (4).”
Nutritional Assessment of Athletes
(2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10203 · Cited by 13
Shiel, F., Persson, C., Simas, V., Furness, J. W., Climstein, M., Pope, R., & Schram, B. L. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0174 · Cited by 12
The Effect of Long-Term Hypogonadism on Body Composition and Morphometry of Aged Male Wistar Rats
Borbélyová, V., Šarayová, V., Renczés, E., Čonka, J., Janko, J., Šebeková, K., Stefikova, K., Ostatníková, D., & Celec, P. (2021) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.934836 · Cited by 13
Blagec, P., Sila, S., Batoš, A. T., Trivić, I., Pavić, A. M., Mišak, Z., & Hojsak, I. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173838 · Cited by 12
“Body composition, including muscle mass, can be determined using non-imaging and imaging methods including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), dilution techniques, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [17].”
3D Shape-Based Body Composition Inference Model Using a Bayesian Network
Lu, Y., Hahn, J. K., & Zhang, X. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2903190 · Cited by 12
“DXA is also considered the gold standard in body composition assessment [9], which generates X-ray in two different energy levels to pass through the subject.”
BackgroundAge-Related Trends in Body Composition among Women Aged 20–80 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study
Rathnayake, N., Rathnayake, H., & Lekamwasam, S. (2022) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2022/4767793 · Cited by 12
“Of them, DXA is the most appropriate method recommended for clinical practice since it has a high precision, stable calibration, and low radiation exposure [3].”
MethodThe relationship between seborrheic dermatitis and body composition parameters
Ozgul, A. (2022) · Northern Clinics of Istanbul · doi:10.14744/nci.2022.08068 · Cited by 12
“It has been used with increasing frequency in recent years in the evaluation of diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, insulin resistance, and nutritional status [5].”
BackgroundRadecka, A., & Lubkowska, A. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13091576 · Cited by 16
“DXA testing does not require the active participation of subjects, which is a particular advantage in elderly and dysfunctional patients [3,12].”
BackgroundThe physique and body composition of students studying physical education: a preliminary report.
Smolarczyk, M., Wiśniewski, A., Czajkowska, A., Kęska, A., Tkaczyk, J., Milde, K., Norkowski, H., Gajewski, J., Trajdos, A., & Majchrzak, A. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, S. Y., & Gallagher, D.
- Affiliations
- Inje University (KR)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallagher, Dympna
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 566-572
- ISSN
- 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2741386
- OpenAlex
- W2044952536
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072507, DK72507)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD042187, HD42187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Keywords
- body composition, nutritional assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution method, air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantitative MRI, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, adipose tissue depots, visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue, intermuscular fat, ectopic fat, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Assessment, Electric Impedance
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