Cited by 694Body Composition Measurement TechniquesNutrition and Health in AgingHIV-related health complications and treatments

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Assessment methods in human body composition

Open access

Lee, Seon Yeong, Gallagher, Dympna·2008·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care

DOI 10.1097/mco.0b013e32830b5f23PMC PMC2741386

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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present study reviews the most recently developed and commonly used methods for the determination of human body composition in vivo with relevance for nutritional assessment. RECENT FINDINGS: Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected with the most commonly used methods being bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution techniques, air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI or magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recent developments include three-dimensional photonic scanning and quantitative magnetic resonance. Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY: There is an ongoing need to perfect methods that provide information beyond mass and structure (static measures) to kinetic measures that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. On the basis of the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning in childhood, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods beginning at birth.

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Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Hemodialysis Patients: Prevalence, Disease Prediction and Prognosis
Antlanger, M., Aschauer, S., Kopecky, C., Hecking, M., Kovarik, J. J., Werzowa, J. M., Mascherbauer, J., Genser, B., Säemann, M. D., & Bonderman, D. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000473868 · Cited by 2,808
Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans
Nedergaard, J., Bengtsson, T., & Cannon, B. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2006 · Cited by 1,824
The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research
Wang, Z., Pierson, R., & Heymsfield, S. (1992) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/56.1.19 · Cited by 729 · cited 1×
“At the organizational level, a five-level model [1] was developed in which the body can be characterized at five levels thus providing a structural framework for studying human body composition that goes beyond an individual compartment or level.”
Background
Body fluid volume determination via body composition spectroscopy in health and disease
Moissl, U. M., Wabel, P., Chamney, P. W., Bosaeus, I. G., Levin, N. W., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Korth, O., Müller, M. J., Ellegård, L., Malmros, V., et al. (2006) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/27/9/012 · Cited by 605
A whole-body model to distinguish excess fluid from the hydration of major body tissues
Chamney, P. W., Wabel, P., Moissl, U. M., Müller, M. J., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Korth, O., & Fuller, N. J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.80 · Cited by 547
THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HEALTHY MEN
Behnke, A. R., Feen, B. G., & Welham, W. C. (1942) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1942.02830070001001 · Cited by 474
Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality
MacNeil, J. A., & Boyd, S. K. (2007) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.11.002 · Cited by 386
Sensitivity of Blood Volume Monitoring for Fluid Status Assessment in Hemodialysis Patients
Maduell, F., Arias‐Guillén, M., Massó, E., Fontseré, N., Carrera, M., Vera, M., Cases, A., & Campistol, J. M. (2013) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000346630 · Cited by 367
Adipose tissue in muscle: a novel depot similar in size to visceral adipose tissue
Gallagher, D., Kuznia, P., Heshka, S., Albu, J., Heymsfield, S. B., Goodpaster, B., Visser, M., & Harris, T. B. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.4.903 · Cited by 354
Self-citation
Myocardial Triglyceride Content and Epicardial Fat Mass in Human Obesity: Relationship to Left Ventricular Function and Serum Free Fatty Acid Levels
Kankaanpää, M., Lehto, H., Pärkkä, J. P., Komu, M. E. S., Viljanen, A. P. M., Ferrannini, E., Knuuti, J. M., Nuutila, P., Parkkola, R. K., & Iozzo, P. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0584 · Cited by 340

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Imaging modalities for measuring body composition in patients with cancer: opportunities and challenges
Shah, U. A., Ballinger, T. J., Bhandari, R., Dieli-Conwright, C. M., Guertin, K. A., Hibler, E. A., Kalam, F., Lohmann, A. E., & Ippolito, J. E. (2023) · JNCI Monographs · doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgad001 · Cited by 45
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Muscle Mass in Children and Adolescents: Proposed Equations and Reference Values for Assessment
Cossio‐Bolaños, M., Andruske, C. L., de Arruda, M., Sulla-Torres, J. A., Urra-Albornoz, C., Rivera-Portugal, M., Luarte-Rocha, C., Pacheco-Carrillo, J., & Gómez‐Campos, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00583 · Cited by 41
“For example, some of these include the multiple magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI), computerized axial tomography scan (CAT) (4), total body potassium analysis (5), bio-electric impedance (6), and the Dual X-ray Absorptiometry scan (DXA) (7), among others.”
Background
The Effect of Additional Protein on Lean Body Mass Preservation in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients: A Systematic Review
Romeijn, M. M., Holthuijsen, D. D. B., Kolen, A. M., Janssen, L., Schep, G., van Dielen, F. M. H., & Leclercq, W. K. G. (2021) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-021-00688-3 · Cited by 40
“Additionally, DXA is limited by the fact that the fat free mass compartment is measured rather than directly muscle mass [32].”
Background
Challenges of nutritional assessment in pediatric ICU
Feferbaum, R., Delgado, A. F., Zamberlan, P., & Leone, C. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32832a3f43 · Cited by 40
Weight Status and Body Composition Dynamics in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Azoulay, E., Yackobovitch‐Gavan, M., Yaacov, H., Gilboa, I., Lopez, A., Sheppes, T., Waksman, Y., Lebenthal, Y., & Brener, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.707773 · Cited by 38
Abdominal Adiposity Distribution in Diabetic/Prediabetic and Nondiabetic Populations: A Meta-Analysis
Lee, J., Beretvas, S. N., & FREELAND-GRAVES, J. H. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/697264 · Cited by 40
Waist to hip ratio and trunk to extremity fat (DXA) are better surrogates for IMCL and for visceral fat respectively than for subcutaneous fat in adolescent girls
Savgan-Gurol, E., Bredella, M. A., Russell, M., Mendes, N., Klibanski, A., & Misra, M. (2010) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-86 · Cited by 38
“Similarly, MRS can quantify muscle lipid at early stages of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.”
BackgroundInfluential
Low muscle mass is associated with metabolic syndrome only in nonobese young adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010
Kim, B. C., Kim, M. K., Han, K., Lee, S.-Y., Lee, S., Ko, S., Kwon, H., Merchant, A. T., Yim, H. W., Lee, W., et al. (2015) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.020 · Cited by 38
“[36] Lee SY, Gallagher D.”
MethodSelf-citation
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry positioning protocols in assessing body composition: A systematic review of the literature
Shiel, F., Persson, C., Furness, J. W., Simas, V., Pope, R., Climstein, M., Hing, W. A., & Schram, B. L. (2018) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.005 · Cited by 38
Intraobserver error associated with anthropometric measurements made by dietitians.
Arroyo, M., Freire, M., Ansotegui, L., & Rocandio, A. M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 38
Associations between the rate, amount, and composition of weight loss as predictors of spontaneous weight regain in adults achieving clinically significant weight loss: A systematic review and meta-regression
Turicchi, J., O'Driscoll, R., Finlayson, G., Beaulieu, K., Deighton, K., & Stubbs, R. J. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12849 · Cited by 37
Sex differences in the associations between relative fat mass and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A population-based prospective cohort study
Wang, J., Guan, J., Huang, L., Li, X., Huang, B., Feng, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.034 · Cited by 39
Can physical activity counteract the negative effects of sedentary behavior on the physical and mental health of children and adolescents? A narrative review
Wang, K., Li, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, T., & Luo, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1412389 · Cited by 59
Diet and body fat in adolescence and early adulthood: a systematic review of longitudinal studies
Schneider, B. C., Dumith, S. C., Orlandi, S. P., & Assunção, M. C. F. (2017) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232017225.13972015 · Cited by 37
Progressive resistance training in head and neck cancer patients undergoing concomitant chemoradiotherapy
Lønkvist, C. K., Vinther, A., Zerahn, B., Rosenbom, E., Deshmukh, A. S., Højman, P., & Gehl, J. (2017) · Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/lio2.88 · Cited by 37
“DXA-scan is a standard and validated method to assess body composition.(27)”
Method
Assessment of Segmental Arm Soft Tissue Composition in Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Pilot Study Using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
Czerniec, S. A., Ward, L. C., Meerkin, J. D., & Kilbreath, S. L. (2015) · Lymphatic Research and Biology · doi:10.1089/lrb.2014.0033 · Cited by 36
Weight and Body Composition Changes During Oral Contraceptive Use in Obese and Normal Weight Women
Mayeda, E. R., Torgal, A. H., & Westhoff, C. L. (2013) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.4241 · Cited by 36
“Based on impedance measurements, total body water is calculated, and subsequently, fat-free mass and fat mass are calculated.(15,16,17) BIA has been shown to provide reliable estimates of body composition in healthy adults.”
BackgroundMethod
Gender differences in the associations between urinary bisphenol A and body composition among American children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006
Li, J., Lai, H. C., Chen, S., Zhu, H., & Lai, S. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.12.001 · Cited by 36
Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis to assess fat‐free mass in patients with head and neck cancer: An exploratory study
Jager‐Wittenaar, H., Dijkstra, P. U., Earthman, C. P., Krijnen, W. P., Langendijk, J. A., van der Laan, B. F. A. M., Pruim, J., & Roodenburg, J. L. N. (2013) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.23336 · Cited by 36
“98), both need to be almost equally valid with respect to a gold standard to measure FFM (eg, the multicomponent model).(23)”
Background
Correlation of body visceral fat rating with serum lipid profile and fasting blood sugar in obese adults using a noninvasive machine
Sukkriang, N., Chanprasertpinyo, W., Wattanapisit, A., Punsawad, C., Thamrongrat, N., & Sangpoom, S. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06264 · Cited by 35
“Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected, with the most commonly used method being BIA [24].”
Method
Determining the best method for evaluating obesity and the risk for non-communicable diseases in women of childbearing age by measuring the body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, A Body Shape Index, and hip index
Hewage, N., Wijesekara, U., & Perera, R. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112135 · Cited by 41
The influence of growth hormone on pediatric body composition: A systematic review
Ferruzzi, A., Vrech, M., Pietrobelli, A., Cavarzere, P., Zerman, N., Guzzo, A., Flodmark, C., PIACENTINI, G. L., & Antoniazzi, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1093691 · Cited by 34
“BIA is more commonly used in routine clinical practice (and in research studies); it is a simple, noninvasive, low-cost device that uses the body’s resistance to alternating current to estimate total body water content (TBW) (43, 44).”
Nutritional interventions for optimizing healthy body composition in older adults in the community
Schultz, T., Roupas, P., Wiechula, R., Krause, D., Gravier, S., Tuckett, A. G., Hines, S. J., & Kitson, A. A. (2016) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003063 · Cited by 34
“The common measures of body composition include fat-free soft mass (FFSM), per cent body fat, skeletal muscle, fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD).(6,8,9) Defining optimal body composition is complex due to well-known gender-and age-related differences.”
Background
Type 1 diabetes and body composition in youth: A systematic review
Calella, P., Gallé, F., Fornelli, G., Liguori, G., & Valerio, G. (2019) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3211 · Cited by 39
“Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry is the gold standard method of measuring fat mass and fat‐free mass.(51) However, the use of dual‐ energy X‐ray absorptiometry is limited to the research context because of equipment cost, exposure to ionizing radiation, and lack of portability.”
Method
Concept of a Radiofrequency Device for Osteopenia/Osteoporosis Screening
Makarov, S. N., Noetscher, G. M., Arum, S., Rabiner, R., & Nazarian, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60173-5 · Cited by 34
Comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of body composition in morbidly obese women
Bedogni, G., Agosti, F., Col, A. D., Marazzi, N., Tagliaferri, A., & Sartório, A. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.159 · Cited by 34
The Possibility of Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Obuchowska, A., Standyło, A., Kimber-Trojnar, Ż., & Leszczyńska‐Gorzelak, B. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11081370 · Cited by 32
“The four-compartment model of body composition consists of the fat mass (FM) and the lean ass (FFM), which are further divided into the total body water (TBW), proteins and minerals (Figure 1) [15].”
Background
Characteristics, changes and influence of body composition during a 4486 km transcontinental ultramarathon: results from the Transeurope Footrace mobile whole body MRI-project
Schütz, U. H. W., Billich, C., König, K., Würslin, C., Wiedelbach, H., Brambs, H., & Machann, J. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-122 · Cited by 33
“Three-compartment methods are the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) [9] and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [10].”
Method
Measures of overweight and obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population-based study
Sehested, T. S. G., Hansen, T. W., Olsen, M. H., Abildstrom, S. Z., Rasmussen, S. L., Ibsene, H., Torp-Pedersen, C. T., Madsbad, S., & Jeppesen, J. (2010) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3283373f63 · Cited by 32
Comparison of two bioelectrical impedance devices and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry to evaluate body composition in heart failure
Alves, F. D., Souza, G. C., Biolo, A., & Clausell, N. (2014) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12218 · Cited by 32
Pearls of optimizing nutrition and physical performance of older adults undergoing cancer therapy
Vigano, A. A. L., Kasvis, P., di Tomasso, J., Gillis, C., Kilgour, R. D., & Carli, F. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2017.08.013 · Cited by 32
Factors affecting body composition in preterm infants: Assessment techniques and nutritional interventions
Strydom, K., van Niekerk, E., & Dhansay, M. A. (2017) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.10.007 · Cited by 32
Sarcopenia and its impact in head and neck cancer treatment
de Bree, R., van Beers, M. A., & Schaeffers, A. W. M. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1097/moo.0000000000000792 · Cited by 34
“For CSMA measurements at the level of C3 on CT and MRI a high correlation (intraclass correlation ssue (paravertebral and sternocleidomastoid muscles) at level coefficient (ICC)¼0.97) was found [19] and recently confirmed (r¼0.958–0.998) [18].”
MethodInfluential
A mild favorable effect of soy protein with isoflavones on body composition—a 6-month double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial among Chinese postmenopausal women
Zm, L., Ho, S., Chen, Y.-M., & Yp, H. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.236 · Cited by 33
Assessing skeletal muscle mass and lean body mass: an analysis of the agreement among dual X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance
Baglietto, N., Vaquero‐Cristóbal, R., Albaladejo-Saura, M., Mecherques-Carini, M., & Esparza-Ros, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1445892 · Cited by 41
Estimation of Energy Expenditure in Wheelchair-Bound Spinal Cord Injured Individuals Using Inertial Measurement Units
Popp, W., Richner, L., Brogioli, M., Wilms, B., Spengler, C. M., Curt, A. E. P., Starkey, M. L., & Gassert, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00478 · Cited by 33
“As expected, the BIAbased model showed the worst REE estimation in terms of MAE, MSE, and maximum error, and is generally known to be very population specific (63).”
Method
Body composition and osteoporotic fracture using anthropometric prediction equations to assess muscle and fat masses
Hong, C., Choi, S., Park, M., Park, S. M., & Lee, G. (2021) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12850 · Cited by 31
“Although an alternative approach that includes DXA, bioelectrical impedance analysis, computed tomography scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging has been considered, limitations exist because of high price, time constraints, and the need for specialization; moreover, these procedures are performed only in limited re…”
Background
Body composition in obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome bio-impedance reflects the severity of sleep apnea
Lovin, S., Bercea, R. M., Cojocaru, C., Rusu, G., & Mihăescu, T. (2010) · Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1186/2049-6958-5-1-44 · Cited by 31
“Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DXA (formerly DEXA), commonly cited as the current gold standard for body composition testing, uses two different types of X-ray, with the computed subtraction of fat mass [7].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effect of an Acute High Carbohydrate Diet on Body Composition Using DXA in Young Men
Rouillier, M.-A., David-Riel, S., Brazeau, A., St-Pierre, D. H., & Karelis, A. D. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000435840 · Cited by 30
Validity of Predictive Equations for Resting Energy Expenditure Developed for Obese Patients: Impact of Body Composition Method
Achamrah, N., Jésus, P., Grigioni, S., Rimbert, A., Petit, A., Déchelotte, P., Folope, V., & Coëffier, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10010063 · Cited by 30
“The widely used method, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), is hardly feasible in routine clinical practice contrary to the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method [13,14].”
Method
Evaluation of a Continuous Blood Glucose Monitor: A Novel and Non-Invasive Wearable Using Bioimpedance Technology
Sanai, F., Sahid, A. S., Huvanandana, J., Spoa, S., Boyle, L. H., Hribar, J., Wang, D. T.-Y., Kwan, B., Colagiuri, S., Cox, S. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968211054110 · Cited by 30
Adipose tissue measurement in clinical research for obesity, type 2 diabetes and NAFLD/NASH
Vilalta, A., Gutierrez, J. A., Chaves, S., Hernández, M., Urbina, S., & Hompesch, M. (2022) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.335 · Cited by 30
Body composition assessment in overweight women: validation of air displacement plethysmography
Wingfield, H. L., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Woessner, M. N., Melvin, M. N., Fultz, S. N., & Graff, R. M. (2013) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12067 · Cited by 29
“Results of Levenhagen et al. (1999), Miller & Diamond (2005), and Radley et al. (2003) also suggest accurate %BF measurements between the two devices. In opposition to these results, Minderico et al. (2006) found %BF to be significantly higher when measured by DXA.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Deterioration of Physical Activity Level and Metabolic Risk Factors After Early-Stage Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Foucaut, A.-M., Berthouze, S., Touillaud, M. S., Morelle, M., Bourne-Branchu, V., Kempf-Lépine, A.-S., Carretier, J., Pérol, D., Trédan, O., Bachmann, P., et al. (2014) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000187 · Cited by 30
“11; Bodystat, Ltd, Isle of Man, UK) to assess percentage body fat (%BF) and fatfree mass (FFM; in kilograms).(21) Patients were asked to lie down for 10 minutes prior to body composition assessment.”
Background
Progressive resistance training in head and neck cancer patients during concomitant chemoradiotherapy -- design of the DAHANCA 31 randomized trial
Lønkvist, C. K., Lønbro, S., Vinther, A., Zerahn, B., Rosenbom, E., Primdahl, H., Højman, P., & Gehl, J. (2017) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3388-0 · Cited by 31
Using Machines or Free Weights for Resistance Training in Novice Males? A Randomized Parallel Trial
Aerenhouts, D., & D’Hondt, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217848 · Cited by 32
“Another disadvantage of using segmental anthropometrics is the lower sensitivity and possible disturbing effects of hydration as compared to total and/or segmental body composition assessments using laboratory techniques such as dual energy X-ray absorptiometry [35].”
Method
Impact of nutritional‐behavioral and supervised exercise intervention following bariatric surgery: The BARI‐LIFESTYLE randomized controlled trial
Jassil, F. C., Carnemolla, A., Kingett, H., Doyle, J., Kirk, A., Lewis, N., Montagut, G., Marvasti, P., Boniface, D. R., Brown, A. C., et al. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23814 · Cited by 34
“Both BIA and DXA, the latter being a reference gold standard [43], were used to assess the changes in body composition.”
Method
The relation between mortality, intramuscular adipose tissue and sarcopenia in hospitalized geriatric patients
Perkisas, S., Lamers, S., Degerickx, R., Mieghem, E. V., Vandewoude, M., Verhoeven, V., & Cock, A. D. (2018) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-018-0110-y · Cited by 28
Dietary and physical activity patterns related to cardio-metabolic health among Malaysian adolescents: a systematic review
Mohammadi, S., Jalaludin, M. Y., Su, T. T., Dahlui, M., Mohamed, M. N. A., & Majid, H. A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6557-z · Cited by 27
Nutrition Assessment in Crohn’s Disease using Anthropometric, Biochemical, and Dietary Indexes: A Narrative Review
Sandall, A. M., Wall, C. L., & Lomer, M. C. E. (2019) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.04.013 · Cited by 29
Beyond Body Mass Index - Body Composition Assessment by Bioimpedance in Routine Endocrine Practice
Brener, A., Peleg, I., Rosenfeld, T., Kern, S., Uretzky, A., Elkon‐Tamir, E., Rosen, G., Levinson, H., Israeli, G., Interator, H., et al. (2020) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2020.10.013 · Cited by 29
Test–retest reliability and validity of body composition methods in adults
de Zepetnek, J. O. T., Lee, J. J., Boateng, T., Plastina, S., Cleary, S. R., Huang, L., Kucab, M., Paterakis, S., Brett, N. R., & Bellissimo, N. (2021) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12716 · Cited by 31
Protein intake and physical activity are associated with body composition in individuals with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
Jani, R., Coakley, K. E., Douglas, T. D., & Singh, R. H. (2017) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.04.012 · Cited by 29
Higher total protein intake and change in total protein intake affect body composition but not metabolic syndrome indexes in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who perform resistance and aerobic exercise for 36 weeks
Campbell, W. W., Kim, J. E., Amankwaah, A. F., Gordon, S. L., & Weinheimer-Haus, E. M. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.213595 · Cited by 28
“Technically, the air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) technique measures FM and fat free-mass which includes water, protein, and both bone and nonbone mineral (32), whereas DXA measures FM, LM, and bone mineral (33).”
Background
Validity of mid-arm muscular area measured by anthropometry in nonobese patients with increased muscle atrophy and variation of subcutaneous fat thickness
Saito, R., Ohkawa, S., Ichinose, S., Nishikino, M., Ikegaya, N., & Kumagai, H. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.87 · Cited by 28
“Although such new techniques as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), whole-body potassium measurement, isotope dilution techniques and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry have been developed for measuring muscle mass or fat-free mass during the last three decades (Heymsfield et al., 1995; Papathakis et a…”
Method
Bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry for the determination of body composition in rats: effects of high-fat and high-sucrose diets
Angéloco, L. R. N., Deminice, R., Leme, I. D. A., Lataro, R. C., & Jordão, A. A. (2012) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/s1415-52732012000300003 · Cited by 28
Validation of multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis versus dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry to measure body fat percentage in overweight/obese Colombian adults
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Tordecilla‐Sanders, A., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., González‐Ruíz, K., González‐Jiménez, E., Triana-Reina, H. R., García‐Hermoso, A., & Schmidt‐RioValle, J. (2017) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23071 · Cited by 28
“Among those methods the following stand out: magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorption (DXA), isotopic measurement of body water, whole body plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and underwater weighting (Lee & Gallagher, 2008).”
MethodInfluential
Validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for estimating limb lean mass in free-living Caucasian elderly people
De Rui, M., Veronese, N., Bolzetta, F., Berton, L., Carraro, S., Bano, G., Trevisan, C., Pizzato, S., Coin, A., Perissinotto, E., et al. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.011 · Cited by 26
“It is commonly taken as a reference for the purpose of validating other tools that are easier to use [3,4] because the use of DXA is limited by its being costly and not portable, having to be done by trained personnel, and entailing exposure to radiation.”
Background
Association between body composition and retinal vascular caliber in children and adolescents
Xiao, W., Gong, W., Chen, Q., Ding, X., Chang, B., & He, M. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14946 · Cited by 27
“noninvasive and widely used, its interpretation may be population- and race-specific.(33) Second, several potentially relevant factors (e.”
Background
Prevalence of malnutrition and validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of body composition in patients with systemic sclerosis
Spanjer, M. J., Bultink, I. E. M., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., & Voskuyl, A. E. (2017) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex014 · Cited by 27
Accuracy of octa‐polar bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in children and adolescents with HIV : comparison with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and air displacement plethysmography
de Castro, J. A. C., de Lima, L. R. A., & Silva, D. A. S. (2017) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12501 · Cited by 27
“Among the methods used to evaluate body composition, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been commonly used when the purpose is to investigate two components [FM and fat-free mass (FFM)] (4,5) or three components (body water, FM and FFM) ((5,6)).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Association Between Fat‐Free Mass and Pulmonary Function in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: A Narrative Review
Gomes, A., Hutcheon, D. A., & Ziegler, J. (2019) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10251 · Cited by 27
Body composition and chemotherapy toxicities in breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature
Lewis, L., Thompson, B. M., Stellmaker, R., & Koelmeyer, L. A. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-023-01512-z · Cited by 26
“CT has the advantage of being able to distinguish between skeletal muscle as well as subcutaneous, visceral, and intra-muscular adiposity, allowing the calculation of SMD (determined by the extent of adipose tissue within the muscle) [34].”
Influential
Does field hockey increase morphofunctional asymmetry? A pilot study
Krzykała, M., Leszczyński, P., Grześkowiak, M., Podgórski, T., Woźniewicz-Dobrzyńska, M., Konarska, A., Strzelczyk, R., Lewandowski, J., & Konarski, J. M. (2018) · HOMO · doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2018.03.003 · Cited by 26
Reliability of body composition assessment using A-mode ultrasound in a heterogeneous sample
Micloș-Balica, M., Muntean, P., Schick, F., Hărăguş, H. G., Glisici, B., Pupăzan, V., Neagu, A., & Neagu, M. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-020-00743-y · Cited by 27
Is There a Link between Balance and Body Mass Composition in Children and Adolescents?
Rusek, W., Adamczyk, M., Baran, J., Leszczak, J., Inglot, G., Baran, R., & Pop, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910449 · Cited by 29
“The current flowing between the electrodes encounters more resistance when passing through adipose tissue than lean body mass and water, which allows for an accurate analysis of the composition of the body mass [31,32].”
Background
Sex differences in body composition in youth with type 1 diabetes and its predictive value in cardiovascular disease risk assessment
Brener, A., Hamama, S., Interator, H., Simon, A. B., Laurian, I., Dorfman, A., Chorna, E., Yackobovitch‐Gavan, M., Oren, A., Eyal, O., et al. (2022) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3584 · Cited by 28
“The GMON software provides the BIA data adjusted for sex, age, height, and race (Caucasian and Asian), according to reference ranges.(15,16) Those data included body fat percentage, truncal fat percentage, fat mass, lean body mass, and skeletal muscle mass.”
Method
Accuracy of quantitative magnetic resonance and eight-electrode bioelectrical impedance analysis in normal weight and obese women
Bosaeus, M., Karlsson, T. R., Holmäng, A. B., & Ellegård, L. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.06.017 · Cited by 26
Relationship between body mass index and adiposity in prepubertal children: ethnic and geographic comparisons between New York City and Jinan City (China)
Navder, K. P., He, Q., Zhang, X., He, S., Gong, L.-X., Sun, Y., Deckelbaum, R. J., Thornton, J. C., & Gallagher, D. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2009 · Cited by 26
“Although there are many accurate body fat measurement methods available to measure pediatric body composition in the research laboratory (27), their usage is limited due to high costs.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
A Review of the Methods and Associated Mathematical Models Used in the Measurement of Fat-Free Mass
Sinha, J., Duffull, S. B., & Al-Sallami, H. S. (2018) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0622-5 · Cited by 26
Liver Fat Content and Body Fat Distribution in Youths with Excess Adiposity
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Izquierdo, M., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., Correa‐Rodríguez, M., Schmidt‐RioValle, J., González‐Jiménez, E., & González-Jiménez, K. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7120528 · Cited by 26
A Review on Image Reconstruction through MRI k-Space Data
Jhamb, T. K., Rejathalal, V., & Govindan, V. K. (2015) · International Journal of Image Graphics and Signal Processing · doi:10.5815/ijigsp.2015.07.06 · Cited by 24
“The human Body is composed [23, 24] of primarily with water and carbohydrates.”
Background
Beyond BMI for self-estimates of body size and shape: A new method for developing stimuli correctly calibrated for body composition
Maalin, N., Mohamed, S., Kramer, R. S. S., Cornelissen, P. L., Martin, D., & Tovée, M. J. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01494-1 · Cited by 25
“…reliability and validity Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a relatively inexpensive, easy-to-use, and quick method for estimating body composition which is less prone to technical error than other methods, making it a suitable tool for large-scale studies (Lee & Gallagher, 2008).”
Method
The heritability of body composition
Brener, A., Waksman, Y., Rosenfeld, T., Levy, S., Peleg, I., Raviv, A., Interator, H., & Lebenthal, Y. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02695-z · Cited by 27
First PACS‐integrated artificial intelligence‐based software tool for rapid and fully automatic analysis of body composition from CT in clinical routine
Beetz, N. L., Maier, C., Segger, L., Shnayien, S., Trippel, T. D., Lindow, N., Bousabarah, K., Westerhoff, M., Fehrenbach, U., & Geisel, D. (2021) · JCSM Clinical Reports · doi:10.1002/crt2.44 · Cited by 25
Reliability and Validity of Contemporary Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Devices for Body Composition Assessment
Merrigan, J. J., Stute, N. L., Eckerle, J. J., Mackowski, N. S., Walters, J., O’Connor, M., Barrett, K. N., Robert, R., Strang, A. J., & Hagen, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Exercise and Nutrition · doi:10.53520/jen2022.103133 · Cited by 25
Partial Compared with Full Range of Motion Resistance Training for Muscle Hypertrophy: A Brief Review and an Identification of Potential Mechanisms
Newmire, D. E., & Willoughby, D. S. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002723 · Cited by 25
“Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the most accurate approach for in vivo quantification of body composition (36); Bloomquist et al.”
Method
Body composition in adults born preterm with very low birth weight
Jussinniemi, L., Kulmala, M. K., Aakvik, K. A. D., Benum, S. D., Jørgensen, A. P. M., Balasuriya, C. N. D., Stunes, A. K., Syversen, U., Indredavik, M. S., Andersson, S., et al. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02896-5 · Cited by 24
“9,13,15,19 In conclusion, adults born with very low birth weight entering middle age were shorter and had smaller head circumference than adults born at term.”
Background
Performance of Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass Index and Body Mass Index for Detecting Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Brazilian Adults
de Oliveira, B. R., Magalhães, E. I. D. S., Bragança, M. L. B. M., Coelho, C. C. N. D. S., Lima, N. P., Bettiol, H., Barbieri, M. A., Cardoso, V. C., dos Santos, A. M., Horta, B. L., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132974 · Cited by 27
“Studies have shown that air displacement plethysmography is a rapid, safe and valid technique for assessing body composition, providing relatively accurate results [51,52].”
Background
Influence of dietary protein and its amino acid composition on postoperative outcomes after gastric bypass surgery: a systematic review
van den Broek, M., de Heide, L. J. M., Veeger, N. J. G. M., van der Wal-Oost, A. M., & van Beek, A. P. (2016) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw042 · Cited by 24
Multiple measures derived from 3D photonic body scans improve predictions of fat and muscle mass in young Swiss men
Sager, R., Güsewell, S., Rühli, F. J., Bender, N., & Staub, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234552 · Cited by 23
Interrater reliability of novice examiners using A-mode ultrasound and skinfolds to measure subcutaneous body fat
Wagner, D. R., & Teramoto, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244019 · Cited by 23
“Numerous methods exist for assessing body composition, and the most common methods have been summarized in texts [3, 4] and review articles [5, 6].”
Method
Body Composition Methods in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes or at Risk for T2D: a Clinical Review
Sneed, N. M., & Morrison, S. A. (2021) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-021-01381-9 · Cited by 26
“Healthcare providers have traditionally relied on BMI to estimate excess body mass or waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) to estimate central adiposity [1, 3, 4].”
Background
Influence of Baseline CT Body Composition Parameters on Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Beetz, N. L., Geisel, D., Maier, C., Auer, T. A., Shnayien, S., Malinka, T., Neumann, C., Pelzer, U., & Fehrenbach, U. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092356 · Cited by 24
Bone health in childhood and adolescence: an overview on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, fracture surveillance and bisphosphonate therapy for low-middle-income countries
Madhuchani, D., Seneviratne, S. N., & Ward, L. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1082413 · Cited by 23
“Thus, DXA is considered a safe low radiation imaging modality for children, including infants and toddlers (7, 8).”
Background
Assessing Early Growth and Adiposity: Report from an EarlyNutrition Academy Workshop
Ward, L. C., Poston, L., Godfrey, K. M., & Koletzko, B. V. (2013) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000350702 · Cited by 23
How Trace Element Levels of Public Drinking Water Affect Body Composition in Turkey
Çetin, İ., Nalbantçılar, M. T., Tosun, K., & Nazik, A. (2016) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-016-0779-z · Cited by 23
“This method was applied to the principle of the conductivity of body water, which varies throughout the body; as a small electric current passes through the body’s water pool, BIA measures the impedance [24].”
Anthropometric measures are not accurate predictors of fat mass in ALS
Ioannides, Z. A., Steyn, F. J., Henderson, R. D., McCombe, P., & Ngo, S. T. (2017) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2017.1317811 · Cited by 23
Lung Ultrasound as a Tool to Evaluate Fluid Accumulation in Dialysis Patients
Alexandrou, M. E., Theodorakopoulou, M. P., & Sarafidis, P. A. (2022) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000521691 · Cited by 22
Quantitative and Qualitative Radiological Assessment of Sarcopenia and Cachexia in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review
Mortellaro, S., Triggiani, S., Mascaretti, F., Galloni, M., Garrone, O., Carrafiello, G., & Ghidini, M. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14030243 · Cited by 22
“For these reasons, currently, the most widely used methods in clinical practice to assess the body mass of patients are instead quantitative indicators of body composition, namely CT, MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET) [32].”
BackgroundMethod
Obesity and Cancer Epidemiology
Ballard-Barbash, R. R., Berrigan, D. A., Potischman, N. A., & Dowling, E. C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5515-9_1 · Cited by 22
How Do Tracking and Changes in Dietary Pattern during Adolescence Relate to the Amount of Body Fat in Early Adulthood?
Schneider, B. C., Dumith, S. C., Lopes, C. M. M., Severo, M., & Assunção, M. C. F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149299 · Cited by 22
Anthropometric indices as measures of body fat assessed by DXA in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: NHANES 1999-2004.
Cui, Z., Truesdale, K. P., Cai, J., Koontz, M. B., & Stevens, J. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Male and female differences in variability with estimating body fat composition using skinfold calipers
McRae, M. P. (2010) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2010.07.002 · Cited by 22
Bioelectrical impedance validation studies: alternative approaches to their interpretation
Ward, L. C. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.159 · Cited by 21
Predictive Validity of the Body Adiposity Index in Overweight and Obese Adults Using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., González‐Ruíz, K., Vivas, A., García‐Hermoso, A., & Triana-Reina, H. R. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120737 · Cited by 23
“Other disadvantages of these techniques include lack of real-time feedback [6] and repeatability.”
BackgroundMethod
Asthme et obésité de l’adulte
Villeneuve, T., & Guilleminault, L. (2019) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires · doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2019.03.016 · Cited by 25
Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise
Kopiczko, A., Adamczyk, J. G., Gryko, K., & Popowczak, M. (2021) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-021-00262-0 · Cited by 24
“The differentiation of TBW into intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) compartments is useful to describe fluid shifts and fluid balance and to explore variations in levels of hydration [37].”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk among Hispanic American Adolescents
Andrade, J. L., Hong, Y., Lee, A. M., Miller, D. R., Williams, C. E., Thompson, L. A., Bright, M. A., & Cardel, M. I. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.024 · Cited by 21

Authors: Lee, S. Y., & Gallagher, D.
Affiliations: Inje University (KR)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Gallagher, Dympna
ORCID: Lee, Seon Yeong
Gallagher, Dympna
Venue: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2008-09
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
Pages: 566-572
ISSN: 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32830b5f23
PMC: PMC2741386
OpenAlex: W2044952536
Cited by: 694
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 2.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072507, DK72507)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD042187, HD42187)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
Keywords: body composition, nutritional assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution method, air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantitative MRI, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, adipose tissue depots, visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue, intermuscular fat, ectopic fat, skeletal muscle
MeSH terms: Body Composition, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Assessment, Electric Impedance

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