Cited by 694Body Composition Measurement TechniquesNutrition and Health in AgingHIV-related health complications and treatments

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Assessment methods in human body composition

Open access

Lee, Seon Yeong, Gallagher, Dympna·2008·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care

DOI 10.1097/mco.0b013e32830b5f23PMC PMC2741386

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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present study reviews the most recently developed and commonly used methods for the determination of human body composition in vivo with relevance for nutritional assessment. RECENT FINDINGS: Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected with the most commonly used methods being bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution techniques, air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI or magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recent developments include three-dimensional photonic scanning and quantitative magnetic resonance. Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY: There is an ongoing need to perfect methods that provide information beyond mass and structure (static measures) to kinetic measures that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. On the basis of the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning in childhood, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods beginning at birth.

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Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Hemodialysis Patients: Prevalence, Disease Prediction and Prognosis
Antlanger, M., Aschauer, S., Kopecky, C., Hecking, M., Kovarik, J. J., Werzowa, J. M., Mascherbauer, J., Genser, B., Säemann, M. D., & Bonderman, D. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000473868 · Cited by 2,808
Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans
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“At the organizational level, a five-level model [1] was developed in which the body can be characterized at five levels thus providing a structural framework for studying human body composition that goes beyond an individual compartment or level.”
Background
Body fluid volume determination via body composition spectroscopy in health and disease
Moissl, U. M., Wabel, P., Chamney, P. W., Bosaeus, I. G., Levin, N. W., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Korth, O., Müller, M. J., Ellegård, L., Malmros, V., et al. (2006) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/27/9/012 · Cited by 605
A whole-body model to distinguish excess fluid from the hydration of major body tissues
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THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HEALTHY MEN
Behnke, A. R., Feen, B. G., & Welham, W. C. (1942) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1942.02830070001001 · Cited by 474
Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality
MacNeil, J. A., & Boyd, S. K. (2007) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.11.002 · Cited by 386
Sensitivity of Blood Volume Monitoring for Fluid Status Assessment in Hemodialysis Patients
Maduell, F., Arias‐Guillén, M., Massó, E., Fontseré, N., Carrera, M., Vera, M., Cases, A., & Campistol, J. M. (2013) · Blood Purification · doi:10.1159/000346630 · Cited by 367
Adipose tissue in muscle: a novel depot similar in size to visceral adipose tissue
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Kankaanpää, M., Lehto, H., Pärkkä, J. P., Komu, M. E. S., Viljanen, A. P. M., Ferrannini, E., Knuuti, J. M., Nuutila, P., Parkkola, R. K., & Iozzo, P. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0584 · Cited by 340

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Feature Extraction from 2D Images for Body Composition Analysis
Pradhan, L., Song, G., Zhang, C., Gower, B. A., Heymsfield, S. B., Allison, D. B., & Affuso, O. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM) · doi:10.1109/ism.2015.117 · Cited by 12
“Compared to other whole body scanners and other BV calculation methods presented in [1, 2], our method is easy to use as we use only one camera to capture back and side profile images.”
MethodInfluential
Considerations on the correlation between real body and body image
Abalașei, B. A., & Trofin, F. P. (2016) · Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1515/tperj-2016-0001 · Cited by 12
“It is important to know the BMI during childhood and adolescence, because high values are associated to pathologies and even to death [17, 18, 19, 20, 21].”
Background
The prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D inadequacy among male athletes in Kuwait: A cross-sectional study
Alkoot, M. J., Boland, F., Brugha, R., & Biesma, R. G. (2018) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.11.003 · Cited by 12
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Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Measured by Ultrasound as a Predictor of Total Fat Mass in Young- And Middle-Aged Adults
Torğutalp, Ş. Ş. (2022) · Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) · doi:10.4183/aeb.2022.58 · Cited by 11
Prediction of fat-free mass from body surface area in young basketball players
de Moraes, A. M., Vidal-Espinoza, R., Bergamo, R. R., Gómez‐Campos, R., de Lázari, E. C., de Campos, L. F. C. C., Sulla-Torres, J. A., & Cossio‐Bolaños, M. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00857-x · Cited by 12
“It is generally used to assess changes in body composition during weight loss and physical training, and has been related to various health outcomes, such as mortality, cardiovascular disease and diabetes [3].”
Background
Body composition assessment with ultrasound muscle measurement: optimization through the use of semi-automated tools in colorectal cancer
Palmas-Candia, F. X., Mucarzel, F., Ricart, M., Lluch, A., Zabalegui, A., Melián, J. M., Guerra, R., Rodríguez-Martínez, A., Rosón, N., Ciudin, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1372816 · Cited by 11
“The need for dedicated space for the equipment, trained personnel and exposure to X-ray radiation (even at low doses) are some of the limitations (28).”
Development and cross‐validation of a circumference‐based predictive equation to estimate body fat in an active population
Taylor, K. M., Castellani, M. P., Bartlett, P. M., Oliver, T., & McClung, H. L. (2024) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.747 · Cited by 11
“12 Anthropometric equations for estimating %BF have existed for decades and are continuously being reevaluated and updated.”
Background
Childhood obesity: The threatening apprentice of the adiposity empire
Cárdenas, J. K. Z., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., & Frühbeck, G. (2025) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09959-4 · Cited by 14
“The average radiation dose is smaller than a chest radiography, ranging from 0.04 to 0.86 mRem, depending on the body size and device [192].”
Influential
High Visceral Adipose Tissue to Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Ratio as a Predictor of Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Ni, Y.-N., He, Y., Xu, H. M., Li, W., Liang, B., Yang, L., & Liang, Z.-A. (2018) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2018.11.015 · Cited by 11
Preclinical trial of noncontact anthropometric measurement using IR-UWB radar
Kim, J., Lee, W. H., Kim, S. H., Na, J. Y., Wang, D., Lim, Y.-H., Cho, S. H., Cho, S. H., & Park, H. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12209-1 · Cited by 11
Evaluation of Lean Body Weight Equation by Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry Measures
Beckman, L. M., Boullata, J. I., Fisher, P. L., Compher, C. W., & Earthman, C. P. (2015) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607115595223 · Cited by 11
Central obesity measurements predict metabolic syndrome in a retrospective cohort study of postmenopausal women.
Rosety-Rodríguez, M., Fornieles, G., Rosety, I., Díaz, A. J., Rosety, M. Á., Camacho‐Molina, A., Rodríguez-Pareja, A., Tejerina, A., Alvero‐Cruz, J. R., & Ordóñez, F. J. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nutrhosp.v28in06.6911 · Cited by 11
Practical measurement of body composition using bioelectrical impedance, air displacement plethysmography and ultrasound in stable outpatients with short bowel syndrome receiving home parenteral nutrition: comparison of agreement between the methods
Jones, D. J., Lal, S., Gittins, M., Strauss, B. J., & Burden, S. T. (2018) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12613 · Cited by 11
“However, caution is warranted because the different measurement techniques use different models and so there is likely to be a propagation of error from the measured component through to the last derived component ((9)).”
BackgroundMethod
Body Mass Index versus Other Adiposity Traits: Best Predictor of Cardiometabolic Risk
Saqlain, M., Akhtar, Z., Karamat, R., Munawar, S., Iqbal, M., Fiaz, M. A., Zafar, M. M., Saeed, S., Nasir, M. F., Naqvi, S. M. S., et al. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v48i12.3555 · Cited by 11
“For an accurate estimate of body fats/obesity status, imaging techniques are being recommended providing accurate estimates of body fat compartments (4).”
Body composition derived Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference cut-offs for Sri Lankan adults
Jayawardena, R., & Hills, A. P. (2020) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100214 · Cited by 11
Nutritional Therapy in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy in the Era of Nusinersen
Yerushalmy‐Feler, A., Levy, D., Sagi, L., Fattal‐Valevski, A., Shiff, Y. E., Brener, A., & Cohen, S. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003055 · Cited by 11
“The output also included sex, age and height-adjusted normal reference ranges for fat percentage and muscle mass (11).”
Background
The association between growth response to growth hormone and baseline body composition of children with growth hormone deficiency
Esen, İ., Demirel, F., Tepe, D., Kara, Ö., & Koç, N. (2013) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2013.07.001 · Cited by 11
“We know that validity of BIA is influenced by sex, age, disease state, race or ethnicity, and level of fatness [17].”
Background
Increased abdominal fat levels measured by bioelectrical impedance are associated with histological lesions of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Margariti, A., Kontogianni, M. D., Tileli, N., Georgoulis, M., Deutsch, M. J., Zafeiropoulou, R., TINIAKOS, D. G., Μanios, Y., Pectasides, D. G., & Papatheodoridis, G. (2015) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000000381 · Cited by 11
Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
González-Correa, C. H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74388-2_11 · Cited by 11
Body Composition During Growth and Development
Zemel, B. S. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-383882-7.00018-0 · Cited by 11
Development and validation of bioimpedance prediction equations for fat-free mass in unilateral male amputees
Choi, H.-J., Ko, C.-Y., Chang, Y., Kim, G.-S., Choi, K., & Kim, C.-H. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10970 · Cited by 10
Anthropometric indicators of obesity. Are the new indicators a better predictor of body fat content than BMI?
Walczyk, T. (2021) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2021.11.08.001 · Cited by 10
Measurement and optimization of perioperative risk among patients undergoing surgery for esophageal cancer
Elliott, J. A., Guinan, E. M., & Reynolds, J. V. (2023) · Diseases of the Esophagus · doi:10.1093/dote/doad062 · Cited by 10
3 Dimensional photonic scans for measuring body volume and muscle mass in the standing horse
Valberg, S. J., Matsui, A. K. B., Firshman, A. M., Bookbinder, L. C., Katzman, S. A., & Finno, C. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229656 · Cited by 10
“In humans, the ‘gold standard’ for assessing body volume is hydrostatic weighing, which is impractical for horses as it requires immersion in a water tank.[9; 10] Other methods to assess muscle and fat body composition in humans include dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA), air displacement, bio-electrical impedance an…”
BackgroundMethod
Quantification of chemotherapy-induced changes in body composition in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult lymphoma using standard of care CT imaging
Tram, N. K., Chou, T., Ettefagh, L. N., Deep, K., Bobbey, A. J., Audino, A. N., & Stacy, M. R. (2022) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09048-z · Cited by 11
“However, DXA cannot quantify VAT, and DXA-derived measures of BC can be biased in longitudinal studies of patients [23, 24], thus limiting its effectiveness in serial monitoring of BC in cancer patients during the course of treatment.”
Background
Changes in Body Composition and Athletic Performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Female Field Hockey Athletes Throughout a Competitive Season
Summer, L. C., Cheng, R., Moran, J. T., Lee, M., Belanger, A. J., Taylor, W. L., & Gardner, E. C. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004591 · Cited by 10
“Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered the gold standard for accurate and reliable measurements of bone mineral density and total and regional (e.g., arms, legs, trunk, android, and gynoid) body composition (5,11,26,34,37,43).”
Background
Prediction Equation for Lower Limbs Lean Soft Tissue in Circumpubertal Boys Using Anthropometry and Biological Maturation
Valente‐dos‐Santos, J., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Machado‐Rodrigues, A. M., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Malina, R. M., Petróski, E. L., Minderico, C. S., Silva, A. M., Baptista, F., & Sardinha, L. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107219 · Cited by 10
“methods for evaluating skeletal muscle mass [11].”
The Use of Arm Span as a Substitute for Height in Calculating Body Mass Index (BMI) for Spine Deformity Patients*
Opoku, H., Yirerong, T., Osei-Onwona, B., & Boachie-Adjei, O. (2018) · Spine Deformity · doi:10.1016/j.jspd.2017.09.052 · Cited by 10
A randomized home-based childhood obesity prevention pilot intervention has favourable effects on parental body composition: preliminary evidence from the Guelph Family Health Study
Study, O. B. O. T. G. F. H., Krystia, O., Ambrose, T., Darlington, G., David, W. L., Buchholz, A. C., & Haines, J. (2019) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-019-0231-y · Cited by 12
Body composition imaging
Guglielmi, G., & Bazzocchi, A. (2020) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-2019-bc-13 · Cited by 10
Worse capecitabine treatment outcome in patients with a low skeletal muscle mass is not explained by altered pharmacokinetics
Molenaar‐Kuijsten, L., Jacobs, B., Kurk, S. A., May, A. M., Dorlo, T. P. C., Beijnen, J. H., Steeghs, N., & Huitema, A. D. R. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.4038 · Cited by 10
Body composition during growth and development
Zemel, B. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822652-0.00018-3 · Cited by 10
Body composition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is not different than healthy subjects
Akar, S., Sarı, İ., Çömlekçi, A., Bırlık, M., Önen, F., Göktay, Y., Akkoç, N., & Özaksoy, D. (2014) · European Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.5152/eurjrheumatol.2014.035 · Cited by 10
“Various methods are available for the assessment of body composition, and each may have several advantages and limitations (30, 31).”
Method
Bioimpedance spectroscopy: Is a picture worth a thousand words?
Mohamed, M., Matthie, J., & Fan, S. (2022) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.13084 · Cited by 9
“29 DXA provides information on FTM, LTM, and bone tissue mass (, BTM) 38 and is considered superior to other methods for determining body composition in dialysis patients.”
Compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance effectively monitors longitudinal changes in body composition in children and adolescents with obesity during a lifestyle intervention
Benjaminsen, C. R., Jørgensen, R. M., Vestergaard, E. T., & Bruun, J. M. (2024) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2024.11.003 · Cited by 10
From body mass index to body composition in female infertility
Darıcı, E., Pais, F., Leemans, L., Strypstein, L., Tournaye, H. J., Vos, M. D., Waele, E. D., & Blockeel, C. (2025) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2025.104941 · Cited by 9
Evolution of research trends and emerging hotspots in bioelectrical impedance analysis over the last two decades: a bibliometric analysis
Niu, C., Zhang, P., Zhang, C., Dong, J., Liang, H., Xiao, D., Liu, B., Lan, W., Lai, H., Ye, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2523381 · Cited by 9
A specific bioelectrical impedance equation to predict body composition in Turner's syndrome
Guedes, A. D., Bianco, B. A. V., Lipay, M. V. N., de Sá, E. Q. C., Castro, M. L., & Verreschi, I. T. N. (2010) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302010000100005 · Cited by 8
“If, on the one hand they produce high-quality information on the other some of these instruments are relatively expensive and have little mobility (24).”
Background
Low dietary energy intake is associated with sarcopenia in cancer survivors: An analysis based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011
Kim, H., Yoo, S., Park, Y. S., & Park, S. G. (2018) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2018.01.004 · Cited by 9
Body composition in pediatric celiac disease and metabolic syndrome component risk—an observational study
Yerushalmy‐Feler, A., Kassner, O., Frank, Y., Moran‐Lev, H., Anafy, A., Levy, D., Interator, H., Elkon‐Tamir, E., Cohen, S., Lebenthal, Y., et al. (2023) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-023-02496-3 · Cited by 9
“Body composition measurement Body composition was indirectly measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Tanita Body-Composition Analyzer, Tanita MC-780 MA and GMON Professional Software), which has been clinically verified to be accurate and reliable and to provide highly reproducible results.(25,26) The GMON…”
Method
Relationship of adiposity and body composition to the status of metabolic syndrome among ethnic Chinese Taiwanese
Chien, K., Lin, H., Lee, B., Hsu, H. C., & Chen, M.-F. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.01.007 · Cited by 9
Galvanically Decoupled Current Source Modules for Multi-Channel Bioimpedance Measurement Systems
Kusche, R., Hauschild, S., & Ryschka, M. (2017) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics6040090 · Cited by 9
The influence of coffee consumption on bioelectrical impedance parameters: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial
Mota, J. F., González, M. C., Lukaski, H. C., Oto, G. L., Trottier, C. F., Tibães, J. R. B., & Prado, C. M. M. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00932-3 · Cited by 9
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method that has been extensively used to estimate body composition [1].”
Segmental Bioimpedance Variables in Association With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Doan, D. N. T., Ku, B. U., Kim, K., Jun, M., Choi, K. Y., Lee, K. H., & Kim, J. U. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.873623 · Cited by 10
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a simple, portable, and relatively accurate technique (20, 21) that can be used to repeatedly measure the body composition of many participants to recognize early changes in body composition status and prognosticate the likelihood of having MCI.”
Method
Total Body Water and Failure to Control Blood Pressure by Medication in Hemodialysis Patients
Xavier, P. S., Vogt, B. P., Martín, L. C., Vaninni, F. C. D., Antunes, A. A., Ponce, D., Caramori, J. C. T., Martin, R. D. S. E. S., Franco, R. J. D. S., & Barretti, P. (2014) · Nephron Extra · doi:10.1159/000363322 · Cited by 9
Investigating a relationship between body composition and spinal curvature in farmed adult New Zealand king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): A novel application of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Lovett, B. A., Firth, E. C., Plank, L. D., Symonds, J. E., Preece, M., & Herbert, N. A. (2018) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.12.017 · Cited by 9
Density-Based High-Quality Fat: Characterization and Correlation with Different Body Fat Ratio
Wang, X., Guan, J., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Lu, F., & Dong, Z. (2022) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-022-02973-w · Cited by 8
“Next, considering convenience and operability in clinical work, in this experiment, we used the Omron measuring instrument and formula calculation, which may not be as accurate as methods like magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantitative computed tomography [34].”
Method
Infant body composition trajectories differ by in utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort from birth to 12 months
Rickman, R., Widen, E. M., Lane, C. E., Abrego, M. R., Nichols, A. R., Foster, S. F., & Catalano, P. M. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.10.020 · Cited by 8
Application of gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) for the analysis of deuterium enrichment of water
Walker, D. K., Thaden, J. J., & Deutz, N. E. P. (2015) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/jms.3593 · Cited by 8
“[2,12,13] Subsequently, fat mass is calculated by subtracting the fat-free mass from the total body mass.”
Method
What is the best anthropometric predictor for identifying higher risk for cardiovascular diseases in afro‐descendant Brazilian women? A cross‐sectional population‐based study
Ferreira, H. S., Soares, M. L., Krakauer, N. Y., dos Santos, E. A., Krakauer, J. C., Uchôa, S. B. B., dos Santos, T. R., & dos Anjos, L. A. (2021) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23652 · Cited by 8
“For this assessment, there are quite accurate methods, which are laboratory-based and very expensive (Lee & Gallagher, 2008), restricting their use in epidemiological studies and even in clinical practice, particularly in settings where healthcare resources are very limited.”
Method
Assessing daily energy intake in adult women: validity of a food-recognition mobile application compared to doubly labelled water
Serra, M., Alceste, D., Hauser, F., Hulshof, P. J. M., Meijer, H. A. J., Thalheimer, A., Steinert, R. E., Gerber, P. A., Spector, A. C., Gerö, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1255499 · Cited by 7
“The bias of agreement of the two methods for TBW, FFM, and FM was comparable to what is reported on the literature (Supplementary Table S17) (72, 73).”
Result
Advancing Nutritional Care Through Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Critical Patients
Dumitriu, A. S., Cobilinschi, C., Dumitriu, B., Vâlcea, S., Ungureanu, R., Popa, A., Ene, R., Ţincu, R. C., Grințescu, I. M., & Mirea, L. E. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17030380 · Cited by 10
“The primary strengths of BIA include its ease of use, portability, and the ability to perform frequent assessments without requiring extensive training or complex equipment [22].”
BODY COMPOSITION AND ITS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLIC DISORDERS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Drapkina, O. M., Kupreyshvili, L. V., & Fomin, V. V. (2017) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2017-5-81-85 · Cited by 8
Sarcopenia: an overview and analysis of molecular mechanisms
Bottoni, A., Garnes, S. D. A., Lasakosvitsch, F., & Bottoni, A. (2019) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-019-0097-2 · Cited by 8
“Several techniques can be used to assess muscle mass [26].”
Application of body composition zones in boys with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Choi, M., Lee, S., Bae, S. H., & Chung, S. (2019) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2019.24.4.243 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Application of stable isotope dilution techniques to assess body fat and comparison with WHO BMI-for-age classification as a measure of obesity among schoolchildren in Nairobi, Kenya
Kigaru, D. M. D., Ndungu, Z. W., & Macharia-Mutie, C. W. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020001950 · Cited by 9
“The stable isotope dilution technique (SIDT), also referred to as enrichment technique, is one of the safe, non-radioactive, non-invasive and non-restrictive body composition assessment methods that enable the assessment of body fat mass under free-living conditions(12,16,17).”
Method
Anthropometric Profile Assessed by Bioimpedance and Anthropometry Measures of Male and Female Rugby Players Competing in the Spanish National League
Ramos-Álvarez, J. J., Montoya, J. J., Solís-Mencía, C., Miguel‐Tobal, F., López-Tapia, P., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Domínguez, R., & Sanz, J. M. M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112411759 · Cited by 8
“The current is easily conducted by tissues rich in water and electrolytes, such as blood and muscles, and impeded in spaces filled with fat, bone and air [19,20].”
Background
Role of Obesity in Human Health and Disease
Rao, V., & Rao, L. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.90990 · Cited by 8
Subcutaneous and Segmental Fat Loss with and without Supportive Supplements in Conjunction with a Low-Calorie High Protein Diet in Healthy Women
Falcone, P. H., Tai, C.-Y., Carson, L. R., Joy, J. M., Mosman, M. M., Vogel, R. M., Mccann, T. R., Crona, K. P., Griffin, J. D., Kim, M. P., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123854 · Cited by 8
“Though previous literature would support that the thermogenic and several of the ingredients are most likely contributing to the benefits of weight loss and in particular fat loss [42,43,46], the addition of the multi-vitamin, protein, and CLA could be having an additive or synergistic effect.”
Background
Liver in the analysis of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Bazzocchi, A., Diano, D., Albisinni, U., Marchesini, G., Battista, G., & Guglielmi, G. (2014) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/bjr.20140232 · Cited by 8
The Multidomain Mobility Lab in Older Persons: From Bench to Bedside. The Assessment of Body Composition in Older Persons at Risk of Mobility Limitations
Rossi, A. P., Harris, T. B., Fantin, F., Armellini, F., & Zamboni, M. M. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113196660694 · Cited by 8
Marcapassos e cardioversores desfibriladores implantáveis – considerações gerais e anestésicas
Rapsang, A. G., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2014) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bjan.2013.02.003 · Cited by 8
Illustration of Measurement Error Models for Reducing Bias in Nutrition and Obesity Research Using 2‐D Body Composition Data
Murillo, A. L., Affuso, O., Peterson, C. M., Li, P., Wiener, H. W., Tekwe, C. D., & Allison, D. B. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22387 · Cited by 8
“Anthropometric measures, such as BMI (21,22) and body fat percentage measured by three-dimensional photonic scans or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans (23,24), are also prone to inherent or unavoidable measurement error.”
Background
Health impacts of seated arm ergometry training in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
McCarthy, M., Yates, T. E., Webb, D. R., Game, F. L., Gray, L. J., & Davies, M. J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039062 · Cited by 8
A longitudinal analysis of resting energy expenditure and body composition in people with spinal cord injury undergoing surgical repair of pressure injuries: a pilot study
Nevin, A. N., Urquhart, S., Atresh, S. S., Geraghty, T. J., Walter, E., Ryan, E., Vivanti, A., Ward, L. C., & Hickman, I. J. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01248-6 · Cited by 7
“Recent research has shown good agreement between BIS and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in people with SCI [26], with the added benefit of BIS being less expensive and more portable [50].”
Result
A systematic review of the impact of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor on body composition in people with cystic fibrosis
Kinsey, L., Winterbottom, H., Hudson, L., Lal, S., Jones, A. M., & Burden, S. T. (2025) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-025-01589-y · Cited by 9
“Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual-energy x ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are gold-standard investigations for assessing body composition [20, 21].”
Abnormal Regional Body Fat Distribution Also Exists in Non-Obese Subjects with High Blood Pressure
Yan, S., Zhao, X., Shen, X., Yang, L., Yuan, X. H., Huang, L., & Zhang, S. (2013) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2013.764886 · Cited by 7
“DEXA can accurately identify the body fat content and distribution (20).”
Background
Correlations of Metabolic Components with Prostate Volume in Middle-Aged Men Receiving Health Check-Up
Yang, T., Woo, P., Yang, H.-J., Chang, H., Hsieh, J., & Huang, K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145050 · Cited by 7
Assessment of adiposity in psoriatic patients by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry compared to conventional methods
Diniz, M. D. S., Bavoso, N. C., Kakehasi, A. M., Lauria, M. W., Soares, M. M. S., & Machado‐Pinto, J. (2016) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164082 · Cited by 7
Ultrasound Signal Processing Technique for Subcutaneous-Fat and Muscle Thicknesses Measurements
Park, D. W., Park, D. C., & Chung, S. H. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2949073 · Cited by 7
“However, these methods have disadvantages such as limited accessibility, high costs, and long scanning times [9], [10].”
Background
A Cohort Study Assessing the Association Between Body Composition Parameters and Symptomatic Hypocalcemia After Total Thyroidectomy
Çelik, S. U., Konca, C., & Genç, V. (2020) · The American Surgeon · doi:10.1177/0003134820979578 · Cited by 7
“Thus, the bioelectrical impedance (electrical resistance) of the body is measured, and the device calculates total body water, fat mass, fat free mass, body fat range, and predicted muscle mass on the basis of BIA in healthy subjects with normal fluid distribution.(25,28) In this study, BMI, fat mass, free fat mass, b…”
Background
The Multiple Causes of Obesity
Saxena, I., Suman, S., Kaur, A. P., Abhilasha, Mitra, P., Sharma, P., & Kumar, M. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98835 · Cited by 8
“It requires a combination of several measurement techniques: hydrodensitometry like under-water weighing or air-displacement plethysmography (to measure fat), DEXA (to measure mineral), isotope dilution (to measure water), and residual techniques (to measure protein) [13, 14].”
Method
Brain and Human Body Modelling 2021
Makarov, S. N., Noetscher, G. M., & Nummenmaa, A. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15451-5 · Cited by 6
Longitudinal concordance of body composition and anthropometric assessment by a novel smartphone application across a 12-week self-managed weight loss intervention
Smith, M. K., Staynor, J. M. D., El-Sallam, A. A., Ebert, J. R., & Ackland, T. R. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523000259 · Cited by 7
Relationships between total and regional adiposity and epicardial fat in obese women: how can dual‐energy X ‐ray absorptiometry be associated with echocardiographic epicardial fat measurements?
Bazzocchi, A., Diano, D., Vicennati, V., Pizzi, C., Filippo, M. D., Pasquali, R., Rossi, C., & Battista, G. (2013) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12027 · Cited by 7
“6) for the total and regional assessment of fat mass (FM), non-bone lean mass (LM), bone mineral content (BMC and density) – according to the ‘classical’ three-compartment molecular model of BC (15).”
Composição corporal por absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia de mulheres com fibromialgia
Lobo, M. M. M. T., Paiva, E. D. S., Andretta, A., & Schieferdecker, M. E. M. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1016/j.rbr.2014.03.024 · Cited by 9
Multimodal-lifestyle intervention produces reduction of the fat mass rather than body weight loss in men with obesity: A prospective cohort study
Abulmeaty, M. M. A. (2016) · Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme · doi:10.1016/j.nupar.2016.04.001 · Cited by 7
Development of a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume equation in Hispanic adults for administering a four-compartment model
Nickerson, B. S., Fedewa, M. V., McLester, C. N., McLester, J. R., & Esco, M. R. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520000598 · Cited by 7
“The administration of UWW and ADP can be difficult for individuals who are (1) hydrophobic, (2) claustrophobic or (3) who experience mobility limitations such as elderly and obese populations (14,15) .”
Phenotyping of the Visceral Adipose Tissue Using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Pigs
Weigand, A. C., Schweizer, H., Knob, D. A., & Scholz, A. M. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10071165 · Cited by 7
Comparisons of Baseline Obesity Prevalence and Its Association with Perceived Health and Physical Performance in Military Officers
Hollerbach, B. S., Haddock, C. K., Kukić, F., Poston, W. S. C., Jitnarin, N., Jahnke, S. A., DeBlauw, J. A., & Heinrich, K. M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11121789 · Cited by 12
“, defining the structure of body volume) [38].”
Background
Percent of body fat, fat-mass, fat-free mass and assessment of body composition among rural school-going children of Eastern-India
Debnath, S., Mondal, N., & Sen, J. (2018) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.2478/anre-2018-0011 · Cited by 8
“1988; VanItallie body composition (Lee and Gallagher 2008; Duren et al. 2008; Jensen et al. 2016; Andreoli et al. 2016; Gibby et al. 2017; Louer et al. 2017) anthropometric measurements are still widely used to assess the same in many field and epidemiological investigations.”
BackgroundMethod
Genetic underpinnings of regional adiposity distribution in African Americans: Assessments from the Jackson Heart Study
Anwar, M. Y., Raffield, L. M., Lange, L. A., Correa, A., & Taylor, K. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255609 · Cited by 6
Body composition, metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle in treatment‐naïve gender‐diverse youth in Israel
Borger, O., Segev‐Becker, A., Perl, L., Simon, A. B., Yackobovitch‐Gavan, M., Sheppes, T., Brener, A., Oren, A., & Lebenthal, Y. (2024) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.13159 · Cited by 6
“24,25 The measurement required the subject to stand barefoot on the analyser and grip the handles, and it took approximately 1 min to perform.”
Systematic Exploration of the Association Between Vitamin A Intakes and Sarcopenia Prevalence in American Adults
Fang, M., Ma, J., Bai, Y., Ying, Y., Shen, X., & Feng, Z. (2024) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.4613 · Cited by 6
“Previous research has consistently shown that men generally have higher muscle mass compared to women (Lee and Gallagher 2008; Kim et al. 2016).”
The Relationship between Body Composition and ECG Ventricular Activity in Young Adults
Iconaru, E. I., & Ciucurel, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191711105 · Cited by 6
“Starting from the increases or decreases in these variables, by comparison with standardized nomograms, clinical diagnoses can be formulated with implications for elaborating specific therapeutic interventions [1].”
Vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance, and antimüllerian hormone level: a tale of trio in the expression of polycystic ovary syndrome
Chakraborty, S., Naskar, T. K., & Basu, B. R. (2024) · F&S Science · doi:10.1016/j.xfss.2024.06.002 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of measurement of fat mass reduction after liposuction in obese patients
Hansson, E., Elmståhl, S., Svensson, H., Manjer, J., & Brorson, H. (2012) · Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery · doi:10.3109/2000656x.2012.715086 · Cited by 6
“Key Words: Liposuction, fat mass, body composition, bioimpedance analysis, total body potassium Introduction Body composition measurements, such as measurement of amount of body fat, are often performed to allow for clinical diagnoses, to decide what intervention is needed, to evaluate nutritional status, or to estima…”
BackgroundMethod
Body Composition Changes after One Year in Professional Male Ice Hockey Players
Stanzione, J. R., Dardarian, N., & Volpe, S. L. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1179-6511 · Cited by 8
“, fat, muscle, bone), and quantifies the tissue using a 3-compartment model (bone mineral density, fat-free mass, and fat mass), measured as the energy attenuated by the body to the energy generated and identified from the two photon signals [12, 16].”
Background
Combined Effects of Weight Training and Aerobic Exercise Accompanied by Normal and Low-Calorie Diets on Fat Percentage of Young Women
Padli, P., Kiram, Y., Syahara, S., & Lesmana, H. S. (2020) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2020.080517 · Cited by 6
Body Composition Prediction—BOMP: A New Tool for Assessing Fat and Lean Body Mass
Cichosz, S. L., Vestergaard, P., & Hejlesen, O. K. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221076560 · Cited by 5
Clinical Consequences of Altered Drug Disposition in Obesity: Call for Change
Bruno, C. D., Greenblatt, D. J., Harmatz, J. S., & Chow, C. R. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.2308 · Cited by 6
Hand‐to‐foot bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure fat mass in healthy children: A comparison with air‐displacement plethysmography
Foucart, L., Decker, A. D., Sioen, I., Henauw, S. D., & Michels, N. (2017) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12345 · Cited by 6
Accuracy of two Generic Prediction Equations and One Population-Specific Equation for Resting Energy Expenditure in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
Andersen, R. E., Sweet, S. N., Reid, R. E. R., Sydney, F., & Plourde, H. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research · doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2018-021 · Cited by 6
LOCALIZED FAT-FREE MASS DOES NOT INFLUENCE MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE BOYS
de Moraes-Junior, F. B., Lopes, W. A., da Silva, L. R., Araújo, C. T., de Jesus, Í. C., Coutinho, P. R., Radominski, R. B., & Leite, N. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-869220182405156640 · Cited by 6
Circadian variations in electric current responses at ryodoraku points across the waking stage
Bae, J.-H., Ku, B. U., Bae, S.-E., & Kim, J. U. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000014688 · Cited by 6
Comparison of Body Composition Estimates among Norland Elite®, Lunar iDXA®, and the BodPod® in Overweight to Obese Adults
Mason, J., Morris, C., Long, D. E., Sanden, M. N., & Flack, K. D. (2019) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2019.1675163 · Cited by 6
“…technology, and although the amount of radiation is small (effective dose between 0.2 and 10 micro-Siverts, equivalent to between 1% and 10% of a chest radiograph), and safe for most people, this limits its use among individuals with pacemakers or other medical implants (Lee & Gallagher, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Body composition in urban South Asian women; development of a bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equation
Waidyatilaka, I., Lanerolle, P., de Lanerolle-Dias, M., Atukorala, S., & de Silva, A. (2013) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2013.787120 · Cited by 5
“…and cost precludes these from routine field use, making secondary methods such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) more widely used (Lee & Gallagher, 2008) due to its simplicity and noninvasive nature, while retaining accuracy and reproducibility (Kushner, 1992; Shaikh et al.,…”
Method
Comparison between adult comorbidity evaluation-27 and Charlson Comorbidity Index in head and neck oncology
Khan, S. A., Berzenji, D., Gül, A., Mast, H., Verduijn, G. M., Mureau, M. A. M., Kremer, B., de Jong, R. J. B., & Hardillo, J. A. (2025) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2025.107366 · Cited by 5
Dysfunctional Eating Behaviour and Leptin in Middle-Aged Women: Role of Menopause and a History of Anorexia Nervosa
Stojiljkovic‐Drobnjak, S., Fischer, S., Arnold, M., Langhans, W., Kuebler, U., & Ehlert, U. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-021-09958-0 · Cited by 5

Authors: Lee, S. Y., & Gallagher, D.
Affiliations: Inje University (KR)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Gallagher, Dympna
ORCID: Lee, Seon Yeong
Gallagher, Dympna
Venue: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2008-09
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
Pages: 566-572
ISSN: 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32830b5f23
PMC: PMC2741386
OpenAlex: W2044952536
Cited by: 694
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 2.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072507, DK72507)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD042187, HD42187)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
Keywords: body composition, nutritional assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution method, air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantitative MRI, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, adipose tissue depots, visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue, intermuscular fat, ectopic fat, skeletal muscle
MeSH terms: Body Composition, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Assessment, Electric Impedance

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