Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features
Abstract
Purpose of review Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia all phenotypically present with the same features because they are subject to the operation of similar mechanistic factors. However, the conditions referred to above differ by which mechanism dominates the cause of the clinical condition. This review discusses the overlap and differences, which distinguish as well as unite these different conditions and allow a rationale for treatment. Recent findings In the continuum of malnutrition, cachexia, sarcopenia and frailty the recent activities focus on two areas. The first is a better understanding of the mechanisms of cachexia and sarcopenia and frailty. In particular, the differential effects of cytokines on muscle and on the hypothalamic system. The effects of inactivity promoting the loss of body mass in cachexia and sarcopenia as well as the positive effects of exercise. The second is the development of a synthesis of available literature to develop consensus documents about the definition, causes, diagnosis and treatment of cachexia, sarcopenia and frailty. Summary Loss of body tissues resulting in wasting is a common phenotype for several different conditions which can be caused by a combination of reduced food intake, excessive requirements, altered metabolism, sepsis, trauma, ageing and inactivity. They have been referred to loosely as malnutrition but in not all will respond to simply providing nutrients. In this review the common fe…
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Malnutrition, cachexia, sarcopenia, and frailty are phenotypically distinct but interconnected conditions with interrelated pathophysiological processes that lead to different magnitudes of wasting and susceptibility to adverse outcomes.
“Malnutrition, cachexia, sarcopenia, and frailty are phenotypically distinct but interconnected conditions with interrelated pathophysiological processes that lead to different magnitudes of wasting and susceptibility to adverse outcomes.81–83”
From Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2026) · cites this paper as [81]
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“(2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.011 to have a poor quality of life, reduced physical performance, and an increased risk of mortality (Jeejeebhoy, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPorcine placenta mitigates protein-energy malnutrition-induced fatigue.
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“39 Our data reached a similar conclusion that older adults malnourished at baseline showed a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, muscle mass, muscle strength, and TUGT performance compared with individuals without malnutrition.”
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“Muscle is therefore one the prime targets of malnutrition [7].”
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“gradual and general loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, accompanied by risk of adverse outcomes(6) and other conditions.(7) Older adults who have the reduced”
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“Both sarcopenia and frailty have central aspects and etiological factors in common, including the loss of body tissue and reduced strength and physical function, low food intake, and inflammation [16].”
- Authors
- Jeejeebhoy, K. N.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 213-219
- ISSN
- 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2332422741
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia, cachexia, muscle atrophy, cytokines, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, physical inactivity, physical activity, weight loss, sepsis, aging, consensus definition
- MeSH terms
- Cachexia, Energy Intake, Clinical Trials as Topic, Fatigue, Hormones, Humans, Phenotype, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Exercise, Cytokines, Nutritional Support, Sarcopenia, Sedentary Behavior
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